Regeneration Flashcards
(72 cards)
1
Q
what are the 2 ways to classify economic activity
A
- by sector
2. by type
2
Q
economic activity: by sector
A
- primary
- secondary
- tertiary
- quaternary
3
Q
what are?
- primary
- secondary
- tertiary
- quaternary
A
p: individuals work with the land or extract goods from the land/sea e.g. farmer
s: individuals are manufacturing products e.g. factory worker, builder, chef
t: individuals provide a service e.g. doctor, teachers, police
q: individuals are involved in research n development e.g. scientist, researching drugs
4
Q
economic activity: by type
A
- employed
- self-employed
- part-time
- full-time
- temporary
- permanent
- zero-hour contract
- gig economy
- unregulated employment
5
Q
2 places that vary
A
- Birmingham
- Hereford
6
Q
define: deprived
A
the lack of something
e.g. food, healthcare, crime
7
Q
factors of deprivation
A
- income
- employment
- health
- crime
- quality of the living environments
- abandoned/derelict land
- education
8
Q
Hereford: reasons for change
- physical
- accessibility/connectedness
- historical development
- role of local planning
- role of national planning
A
- gentle slopes near work and transport, suitable for building houses
- *- competition from railway forces canal to close
- council identify area for route of new city link road
- government identified city as site for vital new munitions factory n created demand for workers housing
9
Q
Birmingham: reasons for change
- accessibility/connectedness
- historical development
- role of local planning
- role of national planning
A
- access to inner city improved by expanding road infrastructure
- WW2 bombing destroyed buildings and left waste land
- council planners identified area as “learning quartier”
- government identified area as arrival point for HS2 trains
10
Q
What are factors affecting levels of engagement
A
- membership: feeling of belonging
- influence: feeling of being part in a place
- length of residence: short term students vs. long term locals
- levels of deprivation: rented feel less at home than owner occupiers
- age
- gender: tend to occupy different roles
- ethnicity: nonwhite British may differ views bc of locals attitude towards them
11
Q
Whats a successful urban region example
- positive factors
A
San Francisco - Bay Area
- 7.65 million people
- v low unemployment - 3.6%
- vibrant mix of people - most diverse in US - lots of migrants bc lots of job availability
- low crime rate
- high home prices, good range of availabilities
12
Q
What makes a successful region
A
- not in need of regeneration*
- high rates of employment
- inward migration (internal/international)
- low levels of multiple deprivation
- high property prices
- skill shortages in both urban/rural areas
13
Q
Whats a successful urban region example
- negative factors
A
San Francisco - Bay Area
- when successful = unaffordable to lives, so have to commute for 3 hours to get affordable homes
- not a good range of houses
- skills shortages: high no. of IT - but jobs like waitressing is non existent bc cant afford to live there
14
Q
Whats a successful rural region example
- negative factors
A
Napa Valley
- immigrants = low levels of educations
- English proficiency pose a challenge for work force development as can’t ‘climb the ladder’ just stay stationary
15
Q
Whats a successful rural region example
- positive factors
A
Napa Valley
- low crime rate - 2 in last year
- good range of schools - 15
- low unemployment - 4.2%
- wine industry: driven by immigrant labour- good place for them
16
Q
Do these successful regions need REGEN
A
- no
but may do in future e.g. SanFran bc Labour shortage will need fixing
17
Q
CASE STUDY
Name a place in need of REGEN
- whats it part of?
A
- Detroit
- part of the rust belt
18
Q
What does the rust belt mean
A
- referring to economic decline
- population loss and urban decay
- due to shrinking of its once powerful industrial sector
19
Q
A place in need of REGEN
- What happened
A
Detroit
- lots of industry went West
- people weren’t needed
- decline of US steel and coal industries
- cheaper to make and extract in China
- free trade agreements NAFTA - cheaper to get manufacturing done in Mexico then transport
20
Q
A place in need of REGEN
- Why
A
Detroit
- from 2000 - 2012, 26.6% population change bc no one wants to live there
- high levels of unemployment: nearly a third of population: jobless
- high levels of diabetes - not eating healthily
- high levels of envy theft and wrath crime (violent)
21
Q
Why does Detroit not need REGEN
A
- house prices already reasonably high - if regenerated - even higher - not helping homeless
- despite poverty low suicide rates - good support “all in it together” - strong community
- high levels of graduation/education
22
Q
Whats the criteria for analysing the need for regeneration
A
Economic:
- employment rates
- business artes
property values
Social:
- ethnicity, education, healthcare, facilities
Environmental: Derelict land, closed shops, graffiti, pollution,, transport
23
Q
Define: Rebranding
A
- the marketing aspect of regeneration designed to attract businesses/residents/visitors
24
Q
Define: Infrastructure
A
- basic physical systems of a place
1. economic - roads/water/sewage
2. social - public housing/hospitals/schools
25
Define: Hard regeneration
- used to refer to capital investment, physical buildings and infrastructure
26
Define: Soft regeneration
- refers to skills and education
27
Name some players involved in regeneration strategies
- infrastructure/projects authority
| - UK trade/investment
28
CASE STUDY
- Difference of opinion 1 example
- Facts
- London Heathrow - airport development (third runway)
- in 2015 after 12 years - expansion was recommended
- £18.6 billion
29
CASE STUDY
- Difference of opinion 1 example
- Those FOR
London Heathrow
- Geoff Hoon (Transport Secratary) -will keep to air/noise regulations
- Colin Matthews (BAA) - make H more reliable
- Ian Taylor (Conservative MP) - all private money - not public - no taxes
Economy:
- lots of new jobs
- help trade agreement - easy to get to and from China
30
CASE STUDY
- Difference of opinion 1 example
- Those AGAINST
London Heathrow
- Boris Johnson (Conservative MP) - more traffic/flights = pollution
- Environmentalists:
- residents homes being demolished
- little support 4 mill signed against
- H already above air pollution standards
- more night flights - 1 mil affected by noise
31
CASE STUDY
DIFFERENCE OF OPINION 2
- name example and give facts
High Speed Two (HS2)
- London 2 Bham, Manchester and Leeds
“northern powerhouse regeneration scheme”
Phase 1 complete in 2026
Phase 2 complete in 2033
- there are controversy about : costs, benefits and impacts
32
CASE STUDY
DIFFERENCE OF OPINION 2
- name example and give COSTS
- HS2
- £55.7 billion - V expensive - should spend on education, hospitals
- will be built outside people’s homes, but can’t even get on as only starts from Bham, but will have V fast train running outside house
33
CASE STUDY
DIFFERENCE OF OPINION 2
- name example and give BENEFITS
- 250mph - v fast
| - multiplier effect - will help businesses in the north-more money- pay it self back
34
what are the two difference of opinion case studies
1. Heathrow
| 2. HS2
35
Redevelopment Case study
- give example
- give background info
- East London Redevelopment Case Study
- The 2012 London Olympics is being used as a catalyst to regenerate over 500 acres of brownfield land located in some of the most disadvantaged boroughs in the UK
36
Redevelopment Case study
| - what are this plans
Stratford
1. cleaning up the land
2. regenerating brown field sites
3. creating a sustainable legacy
37
What is employment/jobs/social life like in the East End of London (Redevelopment case study)
- high unemployment
- low paid jobs eg factory (£20,000)
- high levels of school dropouts
- lots of gang culture
- youngest community in UK over 41% are under 24 - no high end skills
- lots of single parent families - can’t work bc looking after kids
- 1 in 4 houses are over crowded
- environments is derelict/abandoned/tipping
38
how will regeneration help> the economy
| of east london
- overall net increase in jobs
- building new euro star link (stratford to paris/brussels)
- 50,000 new jobs created after games
- now highly connected- good for business
- 1million square feet of office space
39
how will regeneration help> the environment
| of east london
- hoping for most sustainable games ever
- create park “lee valley park” stretches from one end to the other
- pylons under ground so look better
- contaminated soil being cleared
40
how will regeneration help> socially
| of east london
- hope for people with better skills ie to learn to drive digger - then get better job “construction college”
- “streets of growth” - 8 week training programme
41
will there be any negatives of the east london redevelopment case study
- 200 businesses had to be demolished to make way for the park - some of which were new (2001-fish factory)
- had to demolish housing estate (450ppl) , travellers estate, students halls of residence = will be mor expensive = double the rate
42
what’s fracking
- hydraulic fracturing
- causes earthquakes
- occurring bc high demand of oil
43
what points do “encouragement policies” argue about immigration
- increased national GDP
- skill shortages filled
- willingness to work hard for low wages
- young workers and families stabilise ageing population structure
- immigrants work, earn, spend, pay tax and national insurance
44
what points do “restrictive policies” respond to the arguments about immigration
“they take our jobs/homes”
“they are a drain on public services”
“they come here to sponge off benefits”
(for migrants to claim benefits they have to work in the UK for 12 months
45
population;
births -> _____ -> _____
immigrants -> _____ -> _____
asylum seekers -> _____ -> _____
natural increase -> deaths
net migration -> emigration
refugees -> failed asylum seekers
46
what tensions were created by the 2012 Olympic Games
- Clays Land estate was a housing co-operative development for vulnerable single people in Newham, London
- site was designated for athletes village and 430 residents were evicted
- many small businesses were also evicted including Forman’s salmon smokers
- Ian Sinclair - v critical of Clays Lane move ad was banned from speaking in libraries bc the LA didn’t want opposition of the development to be voiced in their public buildings
47
what are 2 key challenges for high street shops
| and what has it led to
1. competition from out of town shopping centre
2. the rapid growth of internet shopping
- led to national government support of £1 billion to ensure growth in high street jobs
48
give examples of tourism/leisure led regeneration
- individuals house holds offering B&B
- custom built centres eg centre parcs
- leisure centres, gyms. skateboard parks
- heritage theme attraction eg titanic in belfast
49
what is culture led regeneration
- Liverpool regenerating its Dockland area using the Beatles as the “draw” and “catalyst”
- Ireland - Game of Thrones
- Bristol - Banksey (guided tour app)
50
who are the 3 players of an Enterprise zone
1. business
2. uk economy
3. local communities
51
what are the 2 categories that cause tensions between
- local interest groups (wishing to preserve) and
- developers seeking change
- socio-economic eg trade unions, retirement and youth groups
- environmental eg wildlife conservationists, outdoor activity participants, heritage preservationists
52
give some regeneration strategies in the UK
- rural diversification: glamping in hereford
- retail-led regeneration in liverpool
- marketing heritage for tourism eg titanic in belfast
53
what government actions went ahead regarding retail-led regeneration
- more click n collect / pop up shops
- encouraging street markers
- changes to business rates to help smaller ones compete with chains
EG Hereford Old Market
54
what’s sport led regeneration
example: Newport International Sports Village
| - jobs created ... in building facilities ... one off event ... recurring ones
55
give examples of “agriculture based diversification”
- farming unusual animals eg ostrich/llama/alpaca
- producing and selling dairy products eg Shepherds Ice cream, Hay on Wye
- farm shorts eg Over, Gloucester
- growing energy crops eg oilseed rape/elephant grass
56
give examples of “non-agriculture based diversification”
- golf courses
- music festival
- wind/solar power generation sites
- B and B/glamping eg in Ivington and DofE camp sites eg Llanigon
- horse riding
57
what are the 3 diff types of regeneration
1. retail led
2. culture (rural diversification-agriculture)
3. tourism/leisure led (sport)
58
what are reasons for regeneration: economic
- increase income
- increase employment
- decrease poverty
(must know aim of regeneration before determining how successful)
59
what does “legacy” mean
the long term effects of a regeneration scheme
(positive or negative)
- based on reuse of buildings/amount of government support needed/level of private investment/whether locals benefit in long run
60
what’s a catalyst
the method of event that starts a regeneration scheme
61
what’s Area Based Initiatives (ABI)
- aim to improve selected people or places within a specific location
eg Hereford Academy within an Education Action Zone
62
Define Poverty
- relative to the place and time in which people live
63
what are reasons for regeneration: social and demographic
- reduction in inequality
- reduction in deprivation
- demographic changes - increased life expectancy, reduced health deprivation
(must know aim of regeneration before determining how successful)
64
what are reasons for regeneration: environments
- reduced pollution levels
- reduction in abandoned and derelict land
(must know aim of regeneration before determining how successful)
65
```
demographic measures:
- life expectancy
- health deprivation
- disability
if regeneration IS successful then these measures will go... (up/down)
```
- up
- down
- down
(may take years to show)
66
Olympic Park site - successful regeneration? (500 acre polluted brown field site- will be cleaned and help...)
- environment
- jobs
- infrastructure
- new housing
- new amenities
- accessibility
- environment- the Lea Valley’s polluted water ways will be cleaned and new habitats created
- jobs - 12,000 new permanent jobs and 1000s of temporary jobs
- infrastructure - £17bn will be spent on transport eg Docklands light rail way
- new housing - athletes village will be converted into affordable housing (9000 new homes)
- new amenities - 5 of new sport venues will remain for local community
- accessibility - all people: age/disabilities cs. use facilities and transport
67
how successful is regeneration: Plymouth Case Study
| - what did they do
- 2014 government signed a “city deal” to bring millions of pounds of investment - transferred dockyard land to council - cresting 1200 new jobs
- city awarded £670,000 of funding from crown estate to improve coast
- good uni - improved education with new buildings
- big green space over looking English Channel - popular space for music events
68
give rural regeneration example
- the eden project, cornwall
69
what are the issues affecting past production in rural areas
(eden project, cornwall case study)
1. low income regions (weather dependent-farm-low pay)
2. home affordability (houses expensive) - second homes (push up house prices)
3. accessibility (lack of public transport n narrow/poorly maintained roads)
4. services (lack of) due to second homes bc no permanent residents so pubs/shops empty in winter (dormitory village)
5. “brain drain” (when skilled young people leave for better employment)
70
what’s a dormitory village
villages that people live but never use services
- go to better towns
- cashing them to close down
71
what would have happened is the St. Austell Eden Project Regeneration did not happen
- closure of Clay Pitt in Cornwall - 2000 job loss. vast scar on Cornish landscape
- very unattractive for tourists-further impacts of unemployment and landscape
- families able to work left the area
- fall in population, bringing it below threshold population
- meant closure of further services eg pubs
- 1 pub closing every week in county
- young people left for better education
- left mainly elderly people
- left them with sense of population
72
what’s a threshold population
the minimum number of people necessary before a particular service can be provided in an area
