Superpowers Flashcards
1
Q
Define: superpower
A
A state/organisation that is able to entend a dominant influence globally
2
Q
Who were the 3 dominant victorious powers that were named “superpower” after WW2
A
- USA
- USSR
- British empire
3
Q
Define: hyper power
A
- an unchallenged superpower that is dominant in all aspects of power
- has achieved global hegemony (domination)
4
Q
What are the 5 “pillars” of power
A
ECONOMIC
- cultural
- political
- resource
- military
5
Q
Define: geopolitical
A
The ability to influence the outcome of world events
6
Q
Define:
Economic (category of power)
A
- the most important category and all aspects come back to this
- a substantial economy gives the country wealth to build an army, weapon art and be able to exploit any natural resource they have
7
Q
Define: Military
category of power
A
- large army and weapons can work well as a background ‘threat’
8
Q
Define: Cultural influence
category of power
A
Where a country can influence others via their ideology (beliefs/values)
9
Q
Define: Political
category of power
A
- this relates to a country’s ability to get their own way through diplomatic negotiations
- links to their ability to gain favourable conditions in treaties and international agreements
- eg through WTO/IMF/UN
10
Q
Define: Resource
category of power
A
- not élément of power but still important in judging status
Human- population/skill level/educational levels
Physical- oil/gas/land areas/minerals/water
11
Q
What’s the hierarchy of Great Powers
A
- Super power
- Emerging power
- Regional power
12
Q
Emerging power?
A
A state/organisation that is growing significantly in power and beginning to extend a more global influence
13
Q
Regional power?
A
A state with power or influence in a world region
14
Q
Soft power?
A
Power through favour or persuasion
15
Q
Hard power?
A
Power through force or coercion
Aka command power
Eg threats= military force/economic sanctions OR rewards= bribes/foreign aid
16
Q
Economic power?
A
Sits somewhere between - aid and trade agreements
17
Q
Give an example of hard power
A
- The Germans invaded into Poland 1939
18
Q
Give an example of soft power
A
- The enlargement of the EU
19
Q
Unipolar world?
A
- the international system with ONE pre-eminent hyperpower or «pole» that has no real rivals to power
- this hyperpower has world hegemony
20
Q
Bipolar world?
A
- interns systems revolve around two superpowers (or poles)
21
Q
Multipolar world?
A
- international systems in which there are three or more superpowers
22
Q
What are the three phases in the history of the British empire
A
- The mercantilist phase (1600-1850)
- The imperial phase (1850-1945)
- The decolonialisation phase (1945-)
23
Q
What happened between: 1900-1914 1919-1939 1945-1991 1991-2010 2010-present
A
- B.E. lost hyperpower status and challenged by Germany and USA (rivalry led to WW1)
- B.E, USA, Japan, Germany, France and USSE rivalled for power («beggar by thy neighbor»)
- Cold War between USSR and USA (bipolarworld)
- collapse of Soviet Union in 1989-1991 left the USA as an unchallenged hyperpower (unipolarworld)
- rising emerging powers (BRICS)
24
Q
Geopolitical stability: unipolar world
- advantages and disadvantages
A
A: - hyperpower able to act as ‘worlds police officer’
- encourages free trade
D: - megalomania by the dominant power
- rogue states willing to challenge global hegemony
25
Geopolitical stability: bipolar world
| - advantages and disadvantages
A: equilibrium of power
D: - tension between the two blocs
- each superpower has hegemonic ambitions
26
Geopolitical stability: multipolar world
| - advantages and disadvantages
A: promote peace and cooperation
D: - more players = more potential conflict
- shifting alliances between superpowers
27
Hegemony?
- the dominance of a superpower over other countries eg USA
| The US military forces are so big, it’s considerable power and deters other nations from acting against it
28
The rise and fall of the British empire:
| The mercantilist phase
1600-1850
- small colonies set up on coastal fringes and islands eg Jamaica
- focus on trade (slaves/raw materials)
29
The rise and fall of the British empire:
| The imperial phase
1850-1945
- coastal colonies extended inland (conquest of territories)
- religion and British cultures/language introduced to colonies
- government and institutions set up to rule the colonial power
- use of technology eg railways
30
The rise and fall of the British empire:
| The decolonialisation phase
1945-
- after ww2 uk is bankrupt
- anti-colonial movements grow eg India (increasing tensions)
- focus on postwar reconstruction - majority of colonies independent (1970)
31
Advantages and disadvantages of: Unipolar world
A: hyper power able to act as "world's police officer"
- encourages free trade
D: megalomania by the dominant power
- rogue states willing to challenge global hegemony
32
Advantages and disadvantages of: Bipolar world
A: equilibrium of power
D: tension between the two blocs
- each superpower has hegemonic ambitions
33
Advantages and disadvantages of: Multipolar world
A: promote peace and cooperation
D: more players, more potential conflict
- shifting alliances between superpowers
34
What are signs that the influence of emerging powers is growing?
- manufacturing many goods other countries need (china and India)
- buying many commodities from developing nations (China/India)
- resource rich in energy and minerals which other states need (Russia/S.Africa)
- BRICS created in 2014 the New Development Bank to finance the infrastructure projects around the world (direct rival to existing system of global economic governance e.g. IMF and WB created in 1944 by 2 superpower(Britain/USA)
35
What are weaknesses of existing great powers create opportunities for emerging powers
- EU/Japan have an ageing pop. - likely to cause a slow in the growth of their economies (retired)
- EU, Japan, USA all suffer major job loses as companies have offshore to lower waged area
- EU nations/USA/Japan have large nations
36
What are the threats to emerging powers (THE WARNING OF JAPAN)
- Japans ageing population quickly became a problem, slowing the economy further
- High interest rates of 4 to 6% encouraged saving, not spending, so economy slowed more
- property value bubble burst in 1989-90, led to collapse in Japan's stock market
37
How does China influence Africa
- incr. flow of FDI Investment) into Africa esp Sub-Saharan
- focused on oil rich/mineral rick countries
- importing Chinese workers to build key infrastructure megs ports/roads/rails to export raw materials
- china gives increasing amounts of aid to Africa. often targeting key infrastructure projects
- China developed a strategy in 2013 "One belt, one road" - aims to increase connectivity between China/Eurasia/Africa
38
Emerging economies and their influence
- in 2010 investment in renewable energy in developing+emerging countries overtook investment in developed countries
- the development of wind/solar/geo-thermal/water power is growing rapidly in emerging nations
- India: produces 35GW of renewable power through wind/solar
- China: the biggest spender of renewable energy - they installed 15.9GW of onshore turbines - more than 1/3 of all news capacity worldwide
39
What are the negatives of emerging economies in environment
- Air: greenhouse gases
- Water: unsanitary/tension for incr. demand
- Forest: deforestation
- Oceans: pollution
40
Influence of : BRICs
- economy
- political
- military
- cultural
- demographic
- environment
E: only US$1 trillion economy outside the OECD. growth rates slowed and consumer spending low bc of ageing populations
P: china become "mega-trader" - larger than imperial Britain. commodity prices have soared while manufacturing costs have shrunk
M: incr. military expenditure with incursions into S.China Sea and NATO airspace, Ukraine+Georgia. But direct conflict with NATO would still leave them outmatched
C: cultural differences lead to lack of common understanding which limits sharing of experience
D: large populations means a huge labour market with uni's w/ science and engineering populations=shrinking=not creating enough jobs
E: historic rise in GHG emissions, 3 out of 4, top polluters are BRICS- starting to lead the world in renewable energy production e.g. solar panels in china
41
Neo-colonialism
The use of economic, political and cultural power to influence other countries
42
Colonialism
The acquisition of political control over a territory by another country, and the subsequent settlement of that territory
43
Direct control
Maintaining control through ‘hard’ power eg colonialism
44
Indirect control
Maintaining control through ‘soft’ power eg neo-colonialism
45
Geopolitical
Referring to the influence of geographical factors on international relations
46
Blue water navy
A navy that can be deployed into Open Ocean i.e. with large ocean-going ships
47
Diplomacy
The negotiation and decision- making that takes places between nations as part of international relations, leading to international agreements and treaties
48
Ideology
A set of beliefs, values and opinions held by the majority of people in a society eg ‘Western Values’ of free speech, individual liberty, free-market economics and consumerism
49
Cold war
A period of tension between the two superpowers of capitalist ASA and communist USSR lasting from 1945 - 1990
50
Acculturation
A process of cultural change that takes place when two different cultures meet; it includes the transfer of a dominant culture's ideas on to a subordinate culture
51
Sphere of influence
The geographical area over which a powerful country can assert its authority
52
Dependency
The progress of a developing country is influenced by economic, cultural and political forces that are controlled by developed countries
53
Modernisation theory
A neo-liberal model used to explain the growth and dominance of the British Empire and the USA that suggests sufficient investment in developing economies would stimulate industrial change
54
Neo-liberalism
An approach that transfers control of economic factors to the private sector away from government control, with the idea that there is an open market for trade and the economy is free of restrictive barriers and regulations
55
What is China's attitude towards Africa
- Africa was predicted to have 7/10 of the fastest growing economies in the current decade
- China thinks more long term - not a democracy so can think beyond 4/5 years
- China is providing infrastructure to Africa, so it can then reinvest their earnings and begin the development process
56
Why is the negatives of the China-Africa process
- china supplies the most skilled labour and large % of the labour - so the African people aren't getting the jobs
- low safety standards
- long hours of work
- china's moved the industries that produce big amounts of pollution to Africa
- china has bought African land to produce food then seeing it back to china
- BUT these are the early stages of economic development
57
Influence of: G20
- economy
- political
- military
- cultural
- demographic
- environment
E: minimal impact on financial markets bc discussions about change happen over longer time period
P: newer members of G20 tend not to keep agreements and commitments as seriously
M: divided over military actions in Syria
C: indirectly support the spread of globalisation
D: focused on creating economic growth by encouraging private business to invest in infrastructure; help tackle youth unemployment
E: agreed to post recession "green stimulus package" worth US$1.1trillion and commitment to remove fossil fuel subsidies, agreed on need to tackle climate change and global health issues eg ebola
58
during Cold War era:
- the USA's *
- the USSR's *
economic system was:
- market capitalism
| - communism (centrally planned economy)
59
features of: market capitalism
| the USA's economic system during the Cold War
- political system: liberal democracy
- most businesses are controlled by private owners
- businesses operate in a competitive free market and seek to maximise their profits
- the role of a business is to create wealth and raise living standard in society
- the role of the government is to regulate the market where necessary and provide a social safety net
- markets are exploited for political gain
60
features of: state capitalism
| the USSR's economic system during the Cold War
- political system: authoritarian regime
- many business are owned and controlled by the state
- business are often protected from competition by state monopolies
- the state operates businesses in order to create wealth that its officials can then use to maximise state power and the leadership's chance of survival
- governments will use: state owned enterprises to manage the exploitation of resources they consider the states "Crown Jewels" esp oil
- sovereign wealth funds to invest the states extra cash and markers are exploited for political gain
61
how does the state capitalist view the US
- chaotic leads to boom/bust
- lack of respect and authority
- lack of long term term planning
- dysfunctional society eg family breakdown/drug/alcohol abuse
- weak and ineffective government
62
how do we view the state capitalist world
- humans right abuse
- SOEs are poor at innovation and risk training
- lack of political and individual freedom
- in contrast with ineffective governance state control of business is disastrous
- encourages cronyism and corruptions are friends and family - appointed important roles
63
is the current struggle over the world's economic system like the one during the Cold War
- not really bc each side is interdependent on each other due to globalisation and trade
- there is a rivalry over which system is best as each tried to persuade emerging powers to adapt their approach
64
IGO: IMF
- role in global economic systems
- how do superpowers exert influence
* Role: ensure stability of global financial system, lends money to those countries in economic problem, in return they must follow stratal adjustment programme
* Influence: traditionally deputy head was always US citizen and head was European citizen
- voting rights depend on size of economy and since decisions require a 85% majority the US has an effective veto on any decision
- HQ: Washington, DC
- loans are only given if country agree to SAPs, they flow a USA neoliberal agenda and remove barrier to trade
65
IGO: World Bank
- role in global economic systems
- how do superpowers exert influence
- criticism
*Role: to facilitate economic development and modernisation
- offer loans to developing and emerging countries for infrastructure projects, also continued on SAPs
*Influence: traditionally deputy head was always European citizen and head was US citizen
- voting rights depend on size of economy and since decisions require a 85% majority the US has an effective veto on any decision
- HQ: Washington, DC
- loans are only given if country agree to SAPs, they flow a USA neoliberal agenda and remove barrier to trade
(same as IMF)
*Criticism: some countries have become indebted
66
IGO: World Trade Organisation
- role in global economic systems
- how do superpowers exert influence
- give example of why its difficult for developing countries
*Role: encourage free trade and less protectionism
*Influence: uses are member are vote BUT developed countries have larger well reserved teams win Geneva HQ to argue their case
eg tariffs are allows on agricultural products due to lobbying by USA and EU to protect their farmers. This makes it difficult for developing countries to sell their farm exports
67
Structural Adjustment Programme (SAPs)
- what do the countries have to do
- criticism
have to: remove barriers to trade, reduce govern spending on everything except debt reduction, private trade assets
criticism: creates economic shock, poor suffer as welfare programme cut, small local businesses forced to compete with TNCs
68
IGOs means?
| examples
```
Intergovernmental organisation (whose members are nation states)
eg IMF/WB/WTO
```
69
define: colonialism
- direct control over a foreign territory turning it into colony
- many europeans powers controlled empires consisting on numerous colonies from 1600s to 1960s
70
define: imperialism
- the political policy of extending the power and rule of a state beyond its border through the establishment of an empire
eg British Raj (British India)
71
how does Britain have: economic power
- Britain had first industrial revolution and by 1870s counted for 16.4% of the worlds GDP
- has complex trading links: export of British manufactured goods to the colonies and imports of raw materials
- scientific advances/new communication technologies: telegraph/steamships/stream railways
72
how does Britain have: military power
- Royal Navy operated the double power standard: protected trade routes/removed pirate threat and forced China to accept trade agreements (Opium Wars, 1840s)
- British Army put down rebellions by force eg Indian Mutiny, 1857 aka the first war of independence
73
how does Britain have: political power
- British policy of "splendid isolation"
- seeking to maintain balance of power by supporting weaker states against stronger ones to stop potential rivals threatening its global hegemony
- British civil servants administered the empire
- Imperial symbols "soft power"
eg Vicerey's palace, New Delhi and Delhi Durbars to give impression of great power to avoid being challenged
74
how does Britain have: cultural power
- English Language
- English Legal system
- British sports eg cricket/rugby/football
- British traditions eg afternoon tea
- Media eg BBC
75
how does Britain have: resource power
- Demographic power
- settlers from Britain set up farms and plantation across the empire
- the BE contained 1/5 of the worlds population
- the BC contained 1/4 of world's land area, giving it access to raw materials
76
define: neo-colonial (indirect) control
refers to the use of investment, trade and culture to influence independent countries instead of direct political control
77
```
neo-colonial (indirect) control:
means of control...
- cultural
- economic
- political
```
- food/fashion/films/religion
- IGOs: IMF/WB/WTO
- strategic alliances
78
define: sphere of influence
a region of the world over which a superpower has almost exclusive influence
79
give example where neo-colonial (indirect) control used HARD power
Cold War era (1945-1991)
- USA vs USSR fought to maintain control of its sphere of influence, sometimes crushing resistance to their influence by "puppet states"
80
define: puppet states
| what USA/USSR did during Cold War
wars to maintain/expand spheres of influence
81
what was the aim for the US policy of "containment"
1945-1991
| - aim to prevent further expansion of communism and the Soviet sphere of influence
82
Cold War era: USA
- geography/resources
- economic system
- political system
- allies
- military power
- cultural influence
-G/R: self sufficient in most raw materials resources, pop: 287mil
-ES: capitalist, free marker economy
-PS: democracy with elections for president and congress every 4 years
-A: Western Europe, through NATO, alliances w/ African, Middle Eastern and Asian developing countries
-MP: strong military ties w/ Japan and S.Korea (extensive global network), naval and air based military power: establishing a 'ring' of bases to surround USSR, large nuclear and arsenal and global network of nuclear bases
CI: rapid growth of film and tele industry was a powerful vehicle for converging a positive views of the USA, especially its high standard of living, lack of direct censorship meant negative views of USA, could be transmitted aswell
83
Cold War era: USSR
- geography/resources
- economic system
- political system
- allies
- military power
- cultural influence
- ES: self sufficient in most resources, pop: 291mil
- ES: socialist, centrally planned economy
- PS: dictatorship, with no free election, eastern Europe (the Warsaw Pact countries) and alliances worldwide with a socialist government and alliances w/ African, Mid East, asian nations
- MP: v large army, naval and air capabilities, nuclear weapons, troops stationed in E.Europe, extensive global intelligence gathering network (KGB)
- CI: tried to sell a view of itself that emphasised high culture (as opposed to US popular culture) with ballot, music and art=central, very high censorship-allowed no criticism
84
during the Cold War, how did USA and USSR act differently
- USA: followed a policy which globalised its sphere of influence, referred to as "containment", as it sought to contain the influence of the USSR
- USSR: created a strong core by invading or allying itself with its surrounding countries
85
how does the USA still maintain global hegemony
- most powerful military machine on earth
- geographically wide spread
- economically dominant and much of the world has an interest in maintaining friendly relations with USA
86
define: cultural hegemony
- Gramsci believed power was maintained hugely by consent ie the value of those in power were accepted by people and kept them in power
"the way things are"
- largely unchallenged
87
what are the two types of TNC's
1. public traded TNC whose shares are owned by numerous stakeholders (most well known)
2. state-owned TNCs that are majority or wholly-owned by the governments (China)
88
what are patents
- protect others from using the work without paying royalties/form of control
- most royalty payments go to USA/EU/Japan
- means these countries benefit but developing countries pay out
89
case study: power of TNCs
Mon Santo
| - an American multi-national
90
case study: westernisation
Apple
| - worth US$724billion
91
what is the UN security council
- came about after ww2
- 4 allies on winning side came together (USA,UK,USSR and China, later:France)
- need for "world's police" and maintain peace
- 5 members have VETO power
- 5 perm members and 10 rotating
92
how has the UN security council maintained international law
1. apply sanctions to countries w security risk
2. authorising use of military force against a country
3. authorising a UN peacekeeping force (troops occupy region and don't take sides)
93
Military alliance: NATO
| - what is it
from 1949
28 member states
accounts for most of words firearms
important to USA bc "strength in numbers"
"an attack on one member is an attack on all"
94
- economic alliances
- military alliances
- environmental alliances
- EU (free trade/movement)
- NATO (attack on one is an attack on all)
- IPCC (intergovernmental panel on climate change)
95
what has an emerging middle class led to
- incr. wealth of superpowers, more disposable income and resource consumption
- exceeded global population since 2000
96
implications of an emerging middle class
- bigger demand for resources, huge environmental impacts
eg meat - cows - methane
eg water - richer - pools - more showers
eg phones - richer - require crude oil etc
97
define: trade bloc
type of intergovernmental agreement
often in world region
part of an intergovernmental organisation
eg: NAFTA: regional barriers to trade, so taffetas are reduced between states
98
what does a single market allow
free movement of goods/services/people and capital within the EU
99
Economic alliance: NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
- members
- benefits
- losers
- Canada, USA, Mexico
- 21% of global GDP, reduce tariffs on goods traded, protects intellectual property rights of companies trying w/in the bloc
- manufacturing workers in the N.East America, jobs relocated to Mexico and Mexican farmers, not able to compete with US agribusiness
100
environmental degradation
- air pollution
- water pollution
- loss of biodiversity
- landscape scarring
- overconsumption of scare resources
- acid rain
- oil spill
- rainforests
- opencast mining/quarrying
- rare elements=big toxic waste
101
Paris agreement
| - what did the 196 agree on in 2015
- monitor and report their emissions
- each country to decide its own reduction targets
- no method of enforcement apart from "Name and Shame"
(effective from 2020)
102
what is the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
- area of ocean extending 200 nautical miles beyond the coastline, or to edge of continental shelf, over which a nation controls the sub-area resources
(EEZ borders are decided by UN in event of a dispute)
103
artic tensions:
| - why is the artic important
1/4 of world undiscovered gas/oil sits beneath the artic
| - ice is melting due to global warming, so easy access to gas/oil
104
artic tensions:
- what tensions
- between who
- several nations claim to large parts of the artic as EEZs are disputed
- leads to political and military tensions
eg Canada/Norway/Russia/Denmark
105
artic tensions:
| - why the tensions
- as oil prices rise drilling in unconventional sites may become difficult
- but drilling in Artic is expensive, so oil prices need to be high
106
tensions over territory:
| - military intervention in Ukraine
- in 2016, Russian troops supported separatist (Russian speaking Ukraine troops)
- Russia annexed Crimea after Ukraine joined NATO
- this occupation gives Russia complete control over black sea and the Med for its Navy
- Finland didn't join over fear of Russias reaction
107
case study: resources
Mozambique's resource boom
108
define: global shift
movement of industries
109
why is hard power used less now a days
bc we have social media and globalisation so have connections/links so strong that anything that happens will cause opinions
these communications make is easier to use soft power
110
Maintenance of power during the imperial era by direct colonial control (British Empire, multipolar world 1919-1939)
Phase 1: Mercantilist
Trade: swapping slaves for cotton in America - bringing cotton to Liverpool in factories
111
Maintenance of power during the imperial era by direct colonial control (British Empire, multipolar world 1919-1939)
Phase 2: imperial
eg India - v influenced by Britain eg language/technology/education - took it and imposed it in India - then India benefited
112
Maintenance of power during the imperial era by direct colonial control (British Empire, multipolar world 1919-1939)
Phase 3: decolonisation
UK joined EU - didn't try and control the world - more countries joined - but America supported this bc they wanted to be number 1
113
Mackinder: earths land surface divide
- world island
- offshore islands
- outlying islands
world island: largest/more popular/richest land combination (continents of Europe/Asia/Africa)
offshore islands: British isles and islands of Japan
outlying islands: continents of North America, South America and Australia
114
Mackinder: earths land surface divide
| - the heartland
- lies at the centre of the world island, stretching from Volga-Yangtze and from Himilayas-Artic
- area ruled by Russian empire, then by Soviet Union
115
Mackinder: earths land surface divide
| "Who rules ____ commands the _____; who rules the _____ commands the ______; who rules the ______ commands the ____"
1. east Europe
2. heartland
3. heartland
4. world island
5. world island
5. world
116
according to Mackinder, effective political domination of the Heartland by a single power had been unattainable in the past because???
- the HL was protected from sea power by ice to the north and mountains and deserts to the south
- previous invasions were unsuccessful due to lack of efficient transportation
117
patents
| - negative side for drugs
- drugs take 10 years and 1.5billion to produce
| - need to make the money back so v expensive, but ppl can't afford, but no one can make it bc patents
118
patents
| - in china
patents legally secure ones ideas/inventions, easy for big companies but hard for individuals
most countries respect this, but china allows companies to rip off countries companies
eg Land Rover -> Flyrover
119
Africa
| - why has it been largely ignored by USA/Europe
- the continent offers little short term opportunity
- it's poor, so not a major market
- has primary resources, but not power over control of supply (unlike oil producers)
- suffers from corruption/over regulation and division
120
Middle East
| - why is this region a challenge to the rest of the world
- impossible region to mend (chaotic/hopeless/dangerous place)
- major global supplier of oil
- nuclear power
- some countries deny the right for others to exist
121
Middle East
| - cultural tensions
- tension between religions: islam and jews
- 1967: short war between Israel and its urban neighbours and it captured the area called the West Bank (never returned)
- Jerusalem contains very important Islamic, Jewish, Christian sites in v confined area - causes tensions
- 2 types of Muslim: Sunni (Iraq) and Shia (Iran) they have fought a war over their differences
122
Middle East
| - political tensions: USA connections
- Saudi Arabia and Egypt have been befriended by Europe and esp. USA, SQ bc it has oil and E bc it's big, they give USA co-operation and USA gives them military support
- USA is a big enemy for many islamic countries, so many people in and outside of SA/E oppose their own government for allying with "the great satan"
123
Middle East
| - political tensions: Iran/Israel
- Iran denies the right for Israel to exist and has said in the last ten years it intends to "wipe Israel off the face of the map"
- Iran wanted to develop nuclear technology, for "generating power"
- Israel believes it is for nuclear weapons
- Israel is desperate to stop Iran's nuclear programme and to keep Iranian force away from they borders
- Iran has been involved in the war in Syria, possibly to build influenced and to "antagonise" Israel
124
Middle East
| - economic tensions
- European countries and the USA have imposed sanctions on Syria in response to atrocities eg chemical weapons on civilians
- USA has imposed sanctions on Iran in response to their development of nuclear technology
* created hardship in both countries*
125
Middle East
| - environmental tensions: Euphrates river
- the region is short of water
- Turkey has dammed the Euphrates river and could stop the flow into Syria/Iraq - this would be devastating *very powerful*
126
Middle East
| - environmental tensions:
- Israel holds onto West Bank partly bc there are aquifers beneath this land
- If Syria/Jordan has this land, Israel's supply could be cut off, but they keep control and take most of the water
- means Jordan only has small amount of saline water
- this unfair distribution causes tensions
127
future balance of global power in 2030-2050
| - BREXIT
- EU has been very unhelpful to Britain
- possibly bc if other countries see Britain leaving as positive/great, then they may follow
- so EU would fall apart
128
future balance of global power in 2030-2050
| - China/India
- China will be the world's biggest economy (but wealth is deceasing so incr. pressure for democracy rather than dictatorship, if this happens=unsettled place)
- India will over take UK and France
* so slowly the old "power" are falling and emerging are increasing
129
future balance of global power in 2030-2050
| - Donald Trump
- he only looks after himself and the USA
- not interested in being global policeman
- if not a leader, is it a superpower???
- could just be temporary
130
future balance of global power in 2030-2050
| - Russia
- desperately trying to be superpower again
- they ARE a leader in terms of: cyber technology
- they use sneaky methods eg trumps elections? try to mess up other countries?
- they unsettle other countries
131
future balance of global power in 2030-2050
| - Africa
- possible emergence of a super power (economically)
132
```
name the alliances:
- military (2)
- economic (3)
- environmental
what do they do?
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- NATO, ANZUS
- EU, NAFTA, ASEAN
- IPCC
increase interdependence
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development theories can be used to explain changing patterns of power:
- modernisation theory
- sequences of stages that countries must pass though in order to develop, the wealthy countries nations today were once in poverty
- example: Rostow Model (5 stages)
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development theories can be used to explain changing patterns of power:
- dependency theory
- reaction to modernisation theory
- exploitation of developing countries by developed countries
- wealthy countries have system to implement control eg developed World Bank
- benefits their own interests, eg WTO reduces barriers to trade, but only rich countries can have high value goods, so benefits THEM, whilst LIC can only buy poor products, which dont benefit them (keeps rich country rich and poor countries poor)
- diagram: raw materials/brain drain/dept purchases going into core 'developed' countries (from the peripheral), then manufactures goods/aid/polluting industry going into peripheral "developing" countries (from the core)
135
development theories can be used to explain changing patterns of power:
- world system theory
- modern version of dependency theory
- idea that high income countries (core) provide high value goods services
- middle income (semi periphery) use low wages to provide manufactured goods eg China
- low income countries produce raw materials (for semi/core nations)
- suggests that countries wealth, reflects position in global economy
- but countries can progress, through help of other countries (China and Singapore) and technology and size
- elsewhere: political weakness (Greece and Italy)/ resistance to technology/closed country can recede core states (go backwards)
- but opportunity to chance can advance their status
