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SFIV Test 1 > Regulation of Food Intake > Flashcards

Regulation of Food Intake Flashcards

1
Q

What are the short-term mechanisms of regulation?

A

Distension of stomach

GI hormones

Prevents overeating each meal

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2
Q

What are the long term mechanisms of regulation and their role?

A

Mediated by blood glucose levels (insulin/glucagon)

Maintains normal quantities of energy stores in body

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3
Q

What is the role of the lateral nuclei in food intake?

A

Feeding center

Stimulation causes hyperphagia

Destruction causes lack of sire for food and progressive weight loss - ination

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4
Q

What is the role of the ventromedial nucleus in food intake?

A

Satiety center

Stimulation can cause complete satiety and lack of eating - aphagia

Destruction causes voracious and continuous eating

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5
Q

What is the role of the paraventricular nucleus in food intake?

A

Lesions cause excessive eating

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6
Q

What is the role of the dorsomedial nucleus in food intake?

A

Lesions usually depress eating behavior

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7
Q

What is the role of the arcuate nucleus in food intake?

A

Site where hormones released from GI tract and adipose tissue converge to regulate food intake and energy expenditure

Contains proopiomelanocortin neurons and NPY-agRP neurons

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8
Q

What are proopiomelanocortin neurons (POMC)?

A

Produce both:

a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a-MSH)

cocain-amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)

Activation decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure

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9
Q

What are NPY-AgRP neurons?

A

Produce neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP)

Actiavtion increased food intake and reduces energy expenditure

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10
Q

What are MCR-3 and MCR-4 receptors?

A

Located in the paraventricular nucleus

POMC neurons release a-MSH, which stimulate these receptors

Activation reduces food intake and increases energy expenditure

Inhibition increases food intake and decreases energy expenditure

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11
Q

What can occur due to CART mutations?

A

Obesity

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12
Q

How does the melanocortin system regulate energy stores in the body?

A

Defective signaling associated with extreme obesity

Mutations in MCR-4 most common cause of monogenic human obesity

Activation of melanocortin system reduces appetite

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13
Q

What is the role of AgRP released from orexigenic neurons?

A

Antagonist of MCR-3 and MCR-4

Increases feeding by inhibiting effects of a-MSH

Release inhibited by insulin

Excessive formation of AgRP due to mutation associated with excessive feeding and obesity

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14
Q

What is the role of NPY released from orexigenic neurons?

A

Binds to Y receptors

Stimulates appetite when energy stores are low

Firing of POMC neurons reduced

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15
Q

What is the function of Hypocretin/orexin?

A

Promotes food intake

Expression increased during food deprivation

Neurons more active during fasting

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16
Q

What is the role of the NTS in food intake?

A

Responds to peripheral circulating signals and receives vagal afferents

High density of Y receptors

Satiety center present

17
Q

What is the effect of nicotine on the regulation of food intake?

A

Nicotinic AChRs located on POMC neurons, which enhance firing of POMC and release of a-MSH

a-MSH reduces food intake and increases energy expenditure

18
Q

What is the function of Leptin?

A

Produced by adipocytes

Anorexigenic effects on hypothalamus

Output increased by insulin; inhibited by fasting and weight loss

Increases SNS activity, increasing energy expenditure

19
Q

What is the function of CCK?

A

Anorexigenic

Inhibition of gastric emptying, also affect the brain

20
Q

What is the function of Ghrelin?

A

Produced primarily by stomach and proximal small intestine

Orexigenic (only one)

Stimulates NPY/AgRP neurons

Levels increase with weight loss, stress, and sleep deprivation

21
Q

What is the function of Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)?

A

Produced by L cells in ileum and colon from proglucagon

Released in biphasic fashion in response to nutrient load: early-minutes, late- 1 hour

Anorexigenic

Delays gastric emptying, activates a-MSH/CART neurons

22
Q

What is oxyntomodulin (OXM)?

A

Proglucagon-derived peptide secreted from distal intestine

Anorexigenic

23
Q

What is the function of PYY?

A

Secreted by L cells in intestine after meal in proportion to caloric load

Reduces gastric emptying and delays intestinal transit

Anorexigenic

24
Q

What are the long-term effects of glucose?

A

Increases firing of neurons in satiety centers in VMN and PVN

Decreases firing of neurons in hunger center of lateral hypothalamus

25
Q

What is the effect of the endocannabinoid system on food intake?

A

Receptor in hypothalamus binds THC

Stimulates orexigenic system in hypothalamus

Stimulates cravings

26
Q

What is the effect of aging on food intake?

A

Orexigenic substance levels go down

Anorexigenic substance levels stay the same

27
Q

What is anorexia nervosa?

A

NPY levels elevated, leptin levels decreased

LEvels will return when weight goes back to normal

SFIV Test 1 (16 decks)

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