Regulation of Total Body Energy

Question 1

High plasma concentrations of cholesterol is called:

Answer 1

Atherosclerosis

Question 2

What are 2 major sources of cholesterol?

Answer 2

1. Dietary (animal)

2. Synthesis by cells

Question 3

Which cells produce most of the cholesterol?

Answer 3

Cells in liver and GI tract

Question 4

Some of the cholesterol is absorbed by the ________ and EXCRETED IN BILE.

Answer 4

Liver

Question 5

Much of the cholesterol absorbed by the liver is metabolized into ________.

Answer 5

Bile salts

Question 6

Synthesis of cholesterol in the liver is INHIBITED by:

Answer 6

HMG Co-A Reductase Inhibitors (statins)

Question 7

Plasma cholesterol is transported in:

Answer 7

Lipoproteins

Question 8

Cholesterol is important in the production of:

Answer 8

plasma membranes, bile salts, steroid hormones

Question 9

What effect does dietary SATURATED fatty acids have on cholesterol levels?

Answer 9

INCREASE

Question 10

What effects do UNSATURATED fatty acids have on cholesterol levels?

Answer 10

DECREASE

Question 11

Which lipoprotein is responsible for the RECYCLING of cholesterol by bringing it back to the liver?

Answer 11

HDL

Question 12

Which lipoproteins CARRIES cholesterol TO CELLs?

Answer 12

LDL

Question 13

What ratio is the best indicator for heart disease?

Answer 13

LDL:HDL

Question 14

Lipoprotein binding with receptors on PM initiates which process?

Answer 14

ENDOCYTOSIS into the liver cell

Question 15

Once the lipoprotein is intracellular what Digests the LDL into free cholesterol?

Answer 15

Lysosomes

Question 16

Free cholesterol is released back into the blood circulation where it is hopefully captured by what to be recycled?

Answer 16

HDL

Question 17

What effect does CIGARETTE smoking have on HDL levels?

Answer 17

DECREASE

Question 18

Weight reduction and exercise have what effect on HDL levels?

Answer 18

INCREASE

Question 19

ESTROGEN has what effect on LDL and HDL levels?

Answer 19

DECREASE LDL, INCREASE HDL

Question 20

PRE-menopausal women have a ________ cholesterol level than men and POST-menopausal women

Answer 20

LOWER

Question 21

The enzyme in the liver that synthesizes cholesterol and is the target of STATINS

Answer 21

HMG-CoA

Question 22

A calorie is the amount of ______ needed to raise 1 gram of _____ by _____ degree C.

Answer 22

Heat, Water, 1

Question 23

What is a metabolic rate?

Answer 23

TOTAL ENERGY expenditure per unit time

Question 24

What is NEAT?

Answer 24

All the things we do ABOVE BMR w/o being actively engaged in exercise

Question 25

Who has a higher NEAT, lean or obese people?

Answer 25

LEAN

Question 26

What is also known as the “metabolic cost of living”?

Answer 26

BMR

Question 27

BMR (increases/decreases) with age:

Answer 27

DECREASES

Question 28

BMR is dependent on ______.

Answer 28

Amount of LEAN body mass.

Question 29

What is the SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT determinant of BMR?

Answer 29

Thyroid hormone

Question 30

TH increases O2 consumption and heat production of most body tissues (not brain) and is called the _____ Effect.

Answer 30

Calorigenic

Question 31

What are the effects of HYPERthyroidism?

Answer 31

INCREASE: of 1. metabolic demands 2. hunger and food intake 3. net CATABOLISM of stores 4. Weight LOSS 5. demand of Vitamin cofactors

Question 32

Someone who’s flushed, sweating, and intolerant to warm environments is likely (hypo/hyper) thyroid?

Answer 32

HYPER

Question 33

What other hormone REQUIRES TH?

Answer 33

GROWTH HORMONE - if deficient see stunted growth in children

Question 34

What class of rectors REQUIRES TH?

Answer 34

Beta receptors of sympathetic NS

Question 35

Starvation is associated ______ TH production.

Answer 35

Decreased (good survival tactic)

Question 36

What else exhibits a CALORIGENIC effect?

Answer 36

Epinephrine

Question 37

What 2 tissue types have SYMPATHETIC receptors?

Answer 37

Muscle and Adipocytes

Question 38

Epinephrine has what effect on MR?

Answer 38

INCREASE (why we’re hotter during stress)

Question 39

What is the most variable component of ENERGY EXPENDITURE?

Answer 39

Physical Activity

Question 40

Do you spend more energy sleeping or sitting at a computer?

Answer 40

Sleeping

Question 41

What is the predominant constituent of activity thermogenesis?

Answer 41

NEAT

Question 42

What effect does FOOD INGESTION have on energy expenditure?

Answer 42

INCREASES, most of the heat produced is due to the processing of nutrients by liver (mostly protein, CHO and fat have less effect)

Question 43

What happens when intake EXCEEDS energy expenditure?

Answer 43

STORE MORE

Question 44

What happens in response to Increased STORAGE in the adipocytes?

Answer 44

Release LEPTIN to the HYPOTHALAMUS to reduce food intake

Question 45

How does leptin REDUCE FOOD INTAKE?

Answer 45

Inhibits the release of NPY at hypothalamus

Question 46

What effect does leptin have on MR?

Answer 46

STIMULATES

Question 47

What measures to conserve energy go into effect in a LONGTERM FAST?

Answer 47

DECREASE secretion of sex hormones & TH, INCREASE in adrenal corticosteroids

Question 48

The ______ of the Hypothalamus contain the hunger and satiety centers.

Answer 48

Arcuate Nucleus

Question 49

What is Ghrelin and where is it released?

Answer 49

Feedbacks to NPY in Hypothalamus to STIMULATE APPETITE. Syntheszied and released by the ENTEROENDOCRINE cells In FUNDUS of stomach.

Question 50

What else can Ghrelin stimulate?

Answer 50

Growth Hormone release

Question 51

The hypothalamus releases NPY in response to ______, to _______ appetite.

Answer 51

GREHLIN, INCREASE

Question 52

In an ABSORPTIVE state what effects does Leptin have on the 2 centers in the Arcuate nucleus of the HYPOT?

Answer 52

STIMULATES POMC C --> satiety, INHIBITS NPY --> decrease apetitie

Question 53

A drug that blocked the release of LEPTIN from adipose tissue would do what to body metabolism?

Answer 53

DECREASE

Question 54

A drug that blocked the release of NPY from hypothalamic neurons would do what to appetite?

Answer 54

DECREASE

Question 55

People with what fat distribution are at a greater risk of developing serious conditions such as diabetes and CVD?

Answer 55

Apple

Question 56

Adipose tissue in what areas are more adept at breaking down fat?

Answer 56

Abdomen

Question 57

What are causes of obesity?

Answer 57

Environment, Genetics, Intrauterine environment