Regulation -Part 3 - 1st Half

Question 1

What are the 5 requirements of a cell?

Answer 1

Correctly shaped, physically robust, internally structured, change its place and move from place to place, and interact with its neighbors

Question 2

What does the cytoskeleton determine cellularly?

Answer 2

Organization and polarity

Question 3

What makes it possible for the existence of specialized cellular structures, like microvilli, desmosomes, adheren junctions, apical, and basolateral membranes?

Answer 3

A functional cytoskeleton

Question 4

What are the classifications of cytoskeleton components?

Answer 4

Actin filaments, microtubutes, and intermediate filaments

Question 5

What is the function of actin filaments?

Answer 5

Determine the shape of a cell and are necessary for cell locomotion

Question 6

What determines the positions of membrane-enclosed organelles, direct intracellular transport, and form mitotic spindles?

Answer 6

Microtubules

Question 7

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

Answer 7

Provide mechanical strength

Question 8

What is the function of microtubule-associated proteins (maps)?

Answer 8

Move along microtubules bringing transport vesicles to target organelles in the cell

Question 9

What are the 2 microtubule- associated proteins?

Answer 9

Kinesin and dynein

Question 10

Which direction does kinesin travel?

Answer 10

Normally, towards plus end

Question 11

What direction does dynein travel?

Answer 11

Towards the minus end

Question 12

What is an example of a intermediate filament?

Answer 12

Keratin

Question 13

What is keratin produced by?

Answer 13

Keratinocytes in the epidermis

Question 14

What is made up of keratin?

Answer 14

Horns, nails, hair

Question 15

What is a receptor?

Answer 15

A protein that receives chemical signals

Question 16

What is a ligand?

Answer 16

A molecule that binds to a receptor and initiates downstream signaling pathways

Question 17

What are the 2 major subdivisions of the nervous system?

Answer 17

Central and peripheral system

Question 18

What 2 parts of the body make up the central nervous system?

Answer 18

Brain and spinal cord

Question 19

What does the efferent somatic PNS do?

Answer 19

Away to skeletal muscle

Question 20

What does the efferent visceral PNS do?

Answer 20

Away to cardiac and smooth muscle, and exocrine glands

Question 21

What does the afferent somatic PNS do?

Answer 21

To from skin and skeletal muscle

Question 22

What does the afferent visceral PNS do?

Answer 22

To from thoracic and abdominal organs, and from olfactory epithelium

Question 23

What type of information does the PNS deliver to the CNS?

Answer 23

Sensory

Question 24

What type of information does the PNS deliver to effector cells?

Answer 24

Motor commands

Question 25

Does the CNS regenerate?

Answer 25

No

Question 26

Somatic motor system- motor nerve fibers to _____ _____

Answer 26

Skeletal muscles

Question 27

When is the sympathetic nervous system activated?

Answer 27

During critical situations

Question 28

When is the parasympathetic nervous system activated?

Answer 28

At rest

Question 29

Autonomic system- motor nerve fibers to _____, _____, _____ _____

Answer 29

Glands, heart, and smooth muscles

Question 30

What 2 nervous systems make up the autonomic system?

Answer 30

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

Question 31

What is a neuron?

Answer 31

Functional unit of the nervous system

Question 32

What are the 2 parts of the central nervous system are part of a motor neuron?

Answer 32

Dendrites and cell body

Question 33

What are the 2 parts of the peripheral nervous system are part of a motor neuron?

Answer 33

Axon and presynaptic terminal

Question 34

What is the nucleus?

Answer 34

A cluster of cell bodies of nerve cells in the central nervous system

Question 35

What is the ganglion?

Answer 35

A cluster of cell bodies of nerve cells in the peripheral nervous system

Question 36

What is a bundle of axons called?

Answer 36

Nerve

Question 37

What is the classification of neurons based on the number of?

Answer 37

Cell processes

Question 38

What are the majority of neurons classified as?

Answer 38

Multipolar neurons

Question 39

What type of neurons make up spinal and cranial ganglia?

Answer 39

Unipolar

Question 40

What type of neurons make up retina, auditory nerve, and olfactory epithelium?

Answer 40

Bipolar neurons

Question 41

What type of cells produce myelinate neurons of the Peripheral nervous system?

Answer 41

Schwann cells

Question 42

What type of neuralgia do phagocytosis?

Answer 42

Microglia

Question 43

What type of cells are Schwann cells, microglia, astrocytes, and ependymal cells?

Answer 43

Neuroglia

Question 44

What type of cells produce myelinate neurons of the central nervous system?

Answer 44

Oliogdendrocytes

Question 45

What is myelin composed of?

Answer 45

Lipids and proteins

Question 46

When the axon and internodes are long, is the speed of conduction faster or slower?

Answer 46

Faster

Question 47

What is the name of the junctions between internodes?

Answer 47

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 48

What is the name of a disease in humans caused by defective myelination?

Answer 48

Multiple sclerosis

Question 49

What is a disease in animals caused by demyelination?

Answer 49

Canine distemper virus

Question 50

What are star-like cells called?

Answer 50

Astrocytes

Question 51

What neuroglia makes up 50% of these cells, is surrounded by blood capillaries in the central nervous system, form the glial membrane, and neurons homeostasis?

Answer 51

Astrocytes

Question 52

Which neuroglia cells monitor and regulate fluid and electrolyte balances?

Answer 52

Astrocytes

Question 53

Which neuroglia cell’s help in the formation of the blood-brain barrier?

Answer 53

Astrocytes

Question 54

After a central nervous system injury with loss of tissue, what cell acts as a reparative or healing cell?

Answer 54

Astrocytes

Question 55

Which neuroglia cells monitor for and remove excessive release of neurotransmitters in synapses?

Answer 55

Astrocytes