Reinforcement, Extinction and Punishment Flashcards
(39 cards)
How does negative reinforcement strengthen behaviour
Wanting to avoid undesirable outcome
Why are reinforcements not the same as rewards?
Rewards doesn’t necessarily change behaviour
What are primary reinforcers?
Reinforcers not dependent on association with other reinforcers
What are secondary reinforcers
Reinforcers that are dependent on association with other reinforcers (e.g money)
What are contrived reinforcers
Arranged by someone to change behaviour
What are natural reinforcers?
Not purposely arranged by someone to change behaviour
How did Allen et al demonstrate reinforcement with Ann? What was the design and reinforcer?
Design; ABAB
Reinforcer; Attention (initially) and then toy
Given attention by adults if she interacted with other children
What are the four steps to reinforcement?
Define - target behaviour
Select - appropriate reinforcers
Make - reinforcers immediate and certain (high likelihood of it happening)
Monitor - the results
Which type of reinforcer is better and why?
Primary and natural, longer lasting effects.
What happens if reinforcer is not immediate?
Allows other behaviours to occur
What should you make sure the reinforcer is, in relation to the target behaviour
Contingent on the target behaviour and ONLY the target behaviour
What is bootleg reinforcement?
Reinforcements coming from someone else other than you
What is behavioural contrast?
Behaviour doesn’t transfer to other contexts
What are the problems with reinforcement?
Bootleg reinforcement, behavioural contrast, inappropriate use, reliance on reinforcement
What does extinction prevent?
The consequences of a behaviour that maintain it
How was extinction used by France and Hudson for waking children? what was the design?
Multiple baseline design
Told families to not enter room when child wakes at night
wake up times reduced to 0
What is the issue with the use of extinction in reducing children waking up at night in France and Hudson’s study?
Could affect their attachment style - teaching parent will ignore them if crying out
What are the 4 steps for extinction?
Define - the target behavour
Identify - the reinforcers that maintain the behaviour
Withhold - all reinforcement from target behaviour
Monitor - the results
What are the difficulties with extinction
Difficult to gage reinforcers; need to observe and figure out
Difficult to control; multiple reinforcers, occasional reinforcers, natural reinforcers, need to withhold it everytime without fail
Slow; which can make people give up and can be damaging for the person
Extinction bursts; sudden increase in behaviour but followed by decrease
Sudden recovery; target behaviour reappears
what is differential reinforcement
The combination of extinction and reinforcement to change freq. of behaviour
What are the 3 types of differential reinforcement
Differential Reinforcement of Low Rate (DRL), Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Rate (DRA), Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible behaviour (DRI)
What is Differential Reinforcement of Low Rate (DRL)
Dealing with problem behaviour where it occurs too often so provide reinforcement where behaviour occurs less often
What is Differential Reinforcement of Alternate behaviour (DRA)
Taking the reinforcement from an undesirable behaviour (extinction) and using that same reinforcer on the desirable behaviour.
What is Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible behaviour (DRI)
Similar to DRA but used on behaviour that is incompatible with the target behaviour (e.g reinforcing not screaming because you cannot scream and not scream at the same time)
