relational influences

Question 1

what is conflict?

Answer 1

conflict is a perception that 2 parties, whether individuals or groups, believe that they have incompatible goals, ideas or behaviours.

Question 2

what are impacts of conflict?

Answer 2

• can be socially destructive

- mirror image perception

Question 3

solutions to resolve conflict

Answer 3

• imposed
• distributive
• intergrative

Question 4

what is an imposed solution?

Answer 4

dictated by a third party

Question 5

what is a distributive solution?

Answer 5

compromise

Question 6

what is an intergrative solution?

Answer 6

win win

Question 7

what are the techniques to resolve conflict?

Answer 7

• counselling
• negotiation
• mediation

Question 8

what is counselling?

Answer 8

when conflicts arise in a family usually, counsellor helps them find a solution

Question 9

what is negotiation?

Answer 9

some shared interests but also some opposed interests

Question 10

what is mediation?

Answer 10

bringing in a third party to enable the conflict to be settled
helps parties to reach a voluntary solution

Question 11

what is socialisation?

Answer 11

the process by which we learn to become members of society, both by internalising the norms and values of society, and also by learning to perform our social roles

Question 12

what was harry harlow’s study?

Answer 12

rhesus monkey experiment

Question 13

what was harry harlow’s aim?

Answer 13

find out the importance of a caregivers love for healthy childhood development

Question 14

what was harry harlow’s method?

Answer 14

• observational
• eight monkeys
• two surrogate mothers
• wire mother had food

Question 15

what were the results of harry harlow’s study?

Answer 15

preferred to be with the cloth mother even when in need of comfort or security

Question 16

what was harry harlow’s conclusion?

Answer 16

that love and affection was more important for development than food from mothers.

Question 17

who were the two key theorists for attachment?

Answer 17

john bowlby and mary ainsworth

Question 18

what is attachment?

Answer 18

the formation of a close emotional bond with a parent or caregiver

Question 19

what were the main points of bowlby’s research?

Answer 19

• a child has an innate need to attach to one main attachment figure
• a child should receive the continous care of this attachment figure for the first two years of life
• there are long term consequences of maternal deprivation
• short term seperation leads distress
• relationship leads to the development of an internal working model

Question 20

what are the long term consequences of maternal deprivation?

Answer 20

• delinquency
• reduced intelligence
• increased aggression
• depression
• affectionless psychopathy

Question 21

what was the aim of bowlby’s 44 thieves study?

Answer 21

to investigate the long term effects of maternal deprivation on people in order to see whether delinquents have suffered deprivation.

Question 22

what was the method of the 44 thieves study?

Answer 22

88 children were sleected, 44 were thieves. IQ’s were tested and their emotional attitudes towards the tests. parents were interviewed. they made seperate reports. the psychiatrist than conducted an initial interview with the child and the parent

Question 23

what were the findings of the 44 thieves experiment?

Answer 23

more than half of the thieves had been seperated
32% showed psychopathy
86% of psychopaths had been seperated

Question 24

what was the conclusion of the 44 thieves experiment?

Answer 24

maternal deprivation caused permanent emotional damage. he diagnosed this as psychopathy which is characterised by a lack of emotional development, lack of concern for others, lack of guilt and inability to form meaningful and lasting relationships.

Question 25

what was the aim of mary ainsworth's strange situation?

Answer 25

her aim was to investigate who attachment varies.

Question 26

what was the method of mary ainsworth's strange situation?

Answer 26

the participant was placed in a small room with one way glass, the children were 12 to 18 months old and over 100 children were sampled. the researchers observed the behaviour of the infant in a series of eight episodes of the mother with the baby, mother leaving the baby alone, a stranger with the baby, the mother and the stranger and the reunion of the mother and baby.

Question 27

what were the strange situation classifications based on?

Answer 27

based primarily on four interactive behaviours directed towards the mother in the reunion scenarios. these were: proximity and contact seeking, contact maintaining, avoidance of proximity and contact and resistance to contact and comforting.

Question 28

what were her findings?

Answer 28

she identified through this study 3 main attachment types, secure (B), insecure avoidant (A), and insecure ambivalent/resistance ( C ).

Question 29

what did type B involve?

Answer 29

- confident in caregiver - used them as a base to explore - easily soothed - developed when giver is sensitive and responds appropriately

Question 30

what did type A involve?

Answer 30

- do not orientate to figure - very independent - no desire for comfort - due to figure being insensitive and rejecting their needs

Question 31

what did type C involve?

Answer 31

- clingy but reject them when interacting - no feelings of security - difficult to soothe - inconsistent level of response for their needs

Question 32

what van ijzendoorn and kroonenburg interested in studying?

Answer 32

similarities and differences within and between cultures in terms of attachment types

Question 33

what were van ijzendoorn and kroonenburg's findings?

Answer 33

found that all types were shown in all cultures but type B was most common across the board, type A in western cultures and type C in japan and israel.

Question 34

what did abraham sagi investigate?

Answer 34

how early childhood rearing leads to differences in the proportion of each type as different cultures have different childrearing techniques

Question 35

what was abraham sagi's method?

Answer 35

as a high proportion of children in israel were type C he investigated their childrearing differences. as babies were commonly sent to a infant house at six weeks with only two watch women taking care of them at night it lead to a delay in their needs being meet, causing type C attachment.

Question 36

what were abraham sagi's findings?

Answer 36

sagi compared with to home rearing and found that 52% of children reared in traditional israeli child rearing were type C, compared to only 20% of children reared at home.

Question 37

what is a criticism of the strange situation?

Answer 37

whether the method measures attachment or strangeness

Question 38

what did Diana baumrinds study involve?

Answer 38

100 pre school aged children. | naturalisation observation, parental interviews

Question 39

what were the dimensions that were tested in baumrinds study?

Answer 39

disciplinary starter ties, warmth and nurturing, communication styles and expectations of maturity and control

Question 40

what were the three parenting styles?

Answer 40

authoritarian authoritative permissive

Question 41

what did authoritarian parenting consist of?

Answer 41

``` strict rules failure to follow leads to punishment don't reason rules high demands but are not responsive "are obedience and status orientated and expect their orders to be obeyed with no explanation" ```

Question 42

what does authoritative parenting consist of?

Answer 42

establish rules but more democratic responsive and open to questions nurturing and forgiving assertive but not intrusive

Question 43

what does permissive parenting consist of?

Answer 43

very few demands rarely discipline as they have low expectations more responsive then demanding non traditional and lenient do not require maturity and allow self regulation generally nurturing and communicative