developmental

Question 1

define developmental psychology

Answer 1

developmental psychology is a scientific approach which aims to explain how children and adults change over time.

Question 2

why is childhood the focus?

Answer 2

childhood is the period during an individuals lifespan when the most change occurs

Question 3

what are the four areas of developmental?

Answer 3

biological, social, emotional and cognitive

Question 4

what are the three goals of developmental?

Answer 4

describe, explain and optimise

Question 5

what is normative development?

Answer 5

typical patterns of change

Question 6

what is idiographic development?

Answer 6

individual patterns of change

Question 7

what was piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

Answer 7

The theory of cognitive development explains how a child constructs a mental model of the world. Piaget regarded cognitive development as a process which occurs due to biological maturation and the environment.

Question 8

what are the four stages of piaget’s theory?

Answer 8

sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete operational, formal operational

Question 9

what are the characterisitics of the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 9

• know the world through movements and sensations
• learn through basic actions
• learn things exist even if they are not seen (object permanence)
• separate beings from the people and objects around them
• actions can cause things to happen

Question 10

what are the characteristics of the pre operational stage?

Answer 10

• being to think symbolically and learn to use words or images to represent things
• tends to be egocentric and struggle to see other people’s points of view
• still think in very concrete terms
• more skilled at pretend play but still struggle with logic and understanding the idea of constancy

Question 11

what are the characteristics of the concrete operational stage?

Answer 11

• Think logically about concrete events
• Understand the concept of conservation
• thinking becomes more logical and organised but still very concrete
• begin using inductive reasoning
• less egocentric and more understanding of others

Question 12

what are the characteristics of the formal operational stage?

Answer 12

• think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems
• abstract thought emerges
• think about moral, philosophical, ethical, social and political issues
• begin to use deductive logic

Question 13

what are schemas?

Answer 13

describes both the mental and physical actions involved in understanding and knowing. they are categories of knowledge that help us to interpret and understand.

Question 14

what is assimilation?

Answer 14

the process of taking in new information into our already existing schemas

Question 15

what is accommodation?

Answer 15

changing or altering our existing schemas in light of new information

Question 16

what is equilibration?

Answer 16

striking a balance between assimilation and accommodation

Question 17

what are the strengths of piaget’s theory?

Answer 17

• changed how we study children
• huge amount of research
• been of practical use
• improved education

Question 18

what are the limitations of piaget’s theory?

Answer 18

• didn’t consider culture
• open to interpretation
• subjective
• underestimated children
• small sample size
• not past adolescence

Question 19

what was kohlberg’s study about?

Answer 19

Sought to describe the development of moral reasoning. Posed moral dilemmas to children and adolescents and found stages of moral development.

Question 20

what are the three areas of moral development?

Answer 20

pre conventional, conventional, post conventional

Question 21

what is stage one?

Answer 21

punishment and obedience

Question 22

what is stage two?

Answer 22

instrumental and concrete

Question 23

what is stage three?

Answer 23

interpersonal relationships

Question 24

what is stage four?

Answer 24

authority and social order

Question 25

what is stage five?

Answer 25

social contract

Question 26

what is stage six?

Answer 26

universal principles

Question 27

what are the criticisms of kohlberg's study?

Answer 27

- developmental sequence - gender bias - culture bias

Question 28

what was erikson's theory?

Answer 28

psychosocial crisis - theory of identity

Question 29

what were the stages of erikson's theory?

Answer 29

- trust vs mistrust - autonomy vs shame - initiative vs guilt - industry vs inferiotity - indentiy vs confusion - intimacy vs isolation - generativity vs stagnation - integrity vs despair

Question 30

what are the eight virtues?

Answer 30

hope, will, purpose, competency, fidelity, love, care, wisdom

Question 31

strengths of erikson's theory?

Answer 31

- strong face validity | - ties together important psychosocial development over the lifespan

Question 32

limitations of erikson's theory?

Answer 32

- vague about causes of development - no universal mechanism for resolution - doesn't explain how one crisis influences personality later - no objective way of assessment

Question 33

what is bandura's theory?

Answer 33

social learning theory

Question 34

what are the two main component's of bandura's theory?

Answer 34

learning and modelling

Question 35

what is learning?

Answer 35

function of observing, retaining and replicating

Question 36

what is modelling?

Answer 36

occurs when one observes the behaviour and consequence of another to influence himself

Question 37

what are the four meditational processes?

Answer 37

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Question 38

strengths of bandura

Answer 38

- Easily handles inconsistencies in behaviour - Optimistic, in a good way - Accurate picture explaining how behaviour is learned - Offers a way to integrate social and cognitive theories - Allows and accounts for cognitive processes - Explains a large number of behaviours - Accurate and easy to understand

Question 39

limitations of bandura

Answer 39

- Too heavy of an emphasis on what happens instead of what the observer does with what happens - Does not take into account physical and mental changes - Doesn’t explain all behaviour - Doesn’t explain behavioural differences - Doesn’t take in account that what one person views as punishment, another person may view as a reward BIASES