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Relational & Organ. Comm: Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

According to the linear model of communication, the transmitter of a message is called:

a. Decoder
b. Source
c. Channel
d. Receiver

A

b. Source

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2
Q

Which tradition in the communication field is characterized by an interest in other’s authentic lived experience and their personal interpretations of everyday life?

a. Phenomenological
b. Intercultural communication
c. Objective
d. Socio-cultural

A

a. Phenomenological

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3
Q

Daydreaming represents which context of communication?

a. Organizational
b. Intrapersonal
c. Interpersonal
d. Small group

A

b. Intrapersonal

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4
Q

The metaphor ___ suggests that theories shape our perception by focusing attention on some features of communication and explicating the specific communication processes.

a. theories as lenses
b. theories as fact
c. theories as hunches
d. theories as maps

A

a. theories as lenses

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5
Q

The first premise of Symbolic Interaction Theory is that humans act toward people or things on the basis of the meanings they assign to those people or things. This can be represented by which of the following models?

a. Stimulus - > Interpretation - > Response
b. Stimulus - > Response - > Interpretation
c. Response - > Stimulus - > Interpretation
d. Interpretation - > Stimulus - > Response

A

a. Stimulus - > Interpretation - > Response

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6
Q

Tony only watches the news on MSNBC because it most often reports information in a way that is consistent with his political beliefs. According to Cognitive Dissonance Theory, which type of selectivity is Tony engaging in to prevent dissonance?

a. selective interpretation
b. selective retention
c. selective exposure
d. selective attention

A

c. selective exposure

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7
Q

During lecture, we discussed the 2-Year-Old Girl “Steal” Popcorn From Prince Harry as an example of expectancy violation. Which of the following is illustrated in this example?

a. Prince Harry chose not to respond to the violation of expectation
b. There are universal expectations of how one should behave in public space
c. Communication reward valence of the 2-year-old girl can influence how Prince Harry assesses the violation
d. Stealing is considered to have positive violation valence for Prince Harry

A

c. Communication reward valence of the 2-year-old girl can influence how Prince Harry assesses the violation

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8
Q

This includes the behaviors with a proxemic range of 4 to 12 feet and is reserved for more formal relationships such as coworkers.

a. Personal Distance
b. Intimate Distance
c. Public Distance
d. Social Distance

A

d. Social Distance

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9
Q

If you hold an expectation before entering an interaction, this is known as:

a. Threat Threshold
b. Interactional expectation
c. Pre-interactional expectation
d. Context factors

A

c. Pre-interactional expectation

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10
Q

T/F:

Violation valence refers to the sum of the positive and negative attributes a person brings to the encounter plus the potential he or she has to reward or punish in the future.

A

False, communicator reward valence

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11
Q

What is communication?

A

a social process in which individuals employ symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment.

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12
Q

A social process in which individuals employ symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment is called?

A

communication

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13
Q

what does “social” mean in communication?

A

speaker and listener, involves people and interactions as part of communication process. these are the senders and receivers

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14
Q

The speaker and listener/ senders and receivers, which involves people and their interactions as part of communication process is which part of communication?

A

social

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15
Q

What is the “process” of communication?

A

ongoing, dynamic and unending occurrence

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16
Q

What is the ongoing, dynamic and unending occurrence of communication?

A

The process

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17
Q

What is an example of “social”?

A

parents, professors, expectations of your younger self ‘ what i want to be’, future self ‘ i want this lifestyle’

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18
Q

What are the “symbols” of communication? (definition)

A

The representation of phenomenon.

arbitrary label or representation of phenomena

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19
Q

The representation of phenomenon,

arbitrary label or representation of phenomena is what part of communication?

A

Symbols

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20
Q

What is the “meaning” of communication?

A

what people extract from messages and input into them

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21
Q

What is an example of a “symbol”?

A

chair

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22
Q

What is an example of “meaning”?

A

Chinese numbers different in sign language than in english sign language numbers

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23
Q

What people extract from messages and input into them is what part of communication?

A

meaning

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24
Q

What is the “environment” in communication?

A

situation or context in which communication occurs, time, place, historical, ethnicity, family upbringing, relationship, culture, social- economical background

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25
What part of communication involves situation or context in which communication occurs?
environment
26
What is a "model" communication?
simplified representations of complex interrelationships among elements
27
What are the simplified representations of complex interrelationships among elements?
model
28
Linear model of communication
one way, from one to the other
29
what are noises?
anything not intended by informational source
30
What is semantic?
slang, jargon, or specialized language
31
what is physical noise?
noise that exists outside of the receiver
32
what is psychological noise?
prejudices, biases, and predisposition toward another or message.
33
What are some examples of physiological noise?
illness, fatigue, hunger
34
What is physiological noise?
biological influences
35
What are some critiques of the linear model?
one message passive receiver, doesn't do much assumes clear beginning and end all communication is very simple, message sent done. not always the case
36
What is an example of semantic noise?
Jennifer received medical report from ophthalmologist, physician's words included phrases that had limited (or no) meaning to Jennifer
37
What are some examples of psychological noise?
political rally, hear psychological noise when listening to politician do not support
38
what is the interaction model?
(ping pong model) send message, receive, send message back and receive emphasizes 2 way communication process between communicators
39
What is the transactional model of communication?
view of communication as simultaneous sending and receiving messages, both creating shared field of experience, shared understanding that helps you connect
40
what are some critiques of the interaction model?
either sender or receiver, not case we are both at the same time/happens simultaneously
41
What are some critiques of the interaction model?
either sender or receiver, not case we are both at the same time/happens simultaneously assumes 2 people speaking and listening but not at the same time
42
What are some critiques of the transactional model?
Advantages: simultaneously sending and receiving messages communication creates shared meanings recognizing influence of past experiences and differences
43
What is ethics?
perceived rightness or wrongness of an action or behavior
44
What are the ethic strategies to study communication theory?
``` Business and industry religion entertainment higher education medicine politics technology ```
45
What is intrapersonal communication?
communication with oneself, what goes on in your head
46
What is an example of intrapersonal communication?
daydream, imagine
47
What is interpersonal communication?
face to face communication between people
48
What is an example of interpersonal communication?
friendship and family teacher-student parent-child physician-patient
49
What is small group communication?
Communication among at least 3 individuals, work together to achieve a common purpose
50
What are some examples of small group communication?
work, business, classroom
51
What is organizational communication?
Communication within and among large, extended environments consisted of groups communication within and between organizations
52
What is an example of organizational communication?
culture leadership conflict management
53
What is public communication?
dissemination of information from one person to many others (audience)
54
What is an example of public communication?
public speaking
55
What is mass media communication?
channels or delivery modes for mass messages
56
What is mass communication?
communication to a large audience via various channels
57
What are some examples of mass media communication?
radio internet television
58
What is cultural communication?
communication between and among members of different cultural backgrounds
59
Which tradition is interested in public address and public speaking and their functions in a society?
Rhetorical Tradition
60
Which tradition is the study of signs in meaning creations?
Semiotic Tradition
61
Which tradition is the personal interpretation of everyday life and activities?
phenomenological tradition
62
Which tradition views communication as an information science, broader, systemic viewpoint, network analysis?
cybernetic tradition
63
Which tradition is the communication theory examined by view that someone's behavior is influenced by something else/ one or more variables?
socio-psychological tradition
64
Which tradition critiques the social order and imposing structures or individuals on that order/ concerns injustice, oppression and power?
Critical Tradition
65
Which tradition has shared cultural patterns and social structures that influence communication/individuals produce/ and reproduce culture?
socio-cultural tradition
66
What is an example of critical tradition?
women of color engineering faculty
67
What is an example of a socio-cultural tradition?
intercultural friendship development
68
What is an example of socio-psychological tradition?
what makes friendships works, what makes it better, comparison of offline and online friendship, qualities at different stages of relationship development
69
What is an example of a cybernetic tradition?
friendship network, large social media trends, friendship network influence smoking behavior
70
What is an example of phenomenological tradition?
military friendships high school friendships soccer team friendships
71
What is an example of semiotic tradition?
romantic relationships use physical symbol to show | friendship use behavioral symbol to show
72
What is an example of rhetorical tradition?
friendship equal effort in bond
73
What is an abstract system of concepts with indications of the relationships among these concepts that helps us to understand a phenomenon?
theory
74
What is a theory as we discussed in class?
a set of systematic, informed hunches about the way things work.
75
Benefits to lecture definition of theory?
- theories human made = not perfect - theory creations are driven by questions = try to solve puzzle, find answers to question - not just questions, you have to go through a systematic process to test questions/theory to make it informed hunches - to be a theory needs to be a relationship of how multiple factors work together
76
Understand the metaphor: | Theories as nets
no one net captures everything
77
Understand the metaphor: | Theories as lenses
theories shape our perception by focusing attention on some features of communication and explicating the specific communication process
78
What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?
Research question is a question researchers ask about the way things work and a hypothesis is a statement researchers make about the relationship between variables
79
What is the difference between an objective approach and a interpretive approach to research?
Objective approach purpose is human action determined by law-like forces, search for generalizations and regularities Interpretive approach is human action is a result of (constrained) agency, search for rules that guide how humans communicate in situated contexts, look at rules not laws, context matters
80
What are some ways of knowing the objective approach?
discovering the truth a singular reality reality is independent of our observations scientific methods
81
What are some ways of knowing an interpretive approach?
multiple views of reality reality is socially constructed perspectives matter
82
What is a quantitative research method?
use numbers to support generalizable conclusions
83
What are some examples of quantitative research?
survey content analysis - statistics, math experiment
84
What is qualitative research methods?
rich description to support interpretations and conclusions
85
What are some examples of qualitative research?
interviews, ethnography
86
What is the difference between implicit theories and social scientific theories?
implicit theories are everyday interactors engaging in theoretical thinking. accept evidence agrees with theory, ignore evidence that contradicts it, observations of people you know social scientists systematically test theories whereas nonscientists test selectively, observations of systematic sample of population, rigorous testing, amend theories, incorporate information arising from inconsistencies to create a revised formulation of the theory
87
Which premise is it when humans act toward people or things on basis of meanings they assign to those people or things?
premise 1: meaning
88
What is an example of premise 1: meaning?
chair
89
Which premise is meaning derived from social interactions facilitated by language?
premise 2: language
90
Which premise is thoughts are inner conversations we have facilitated by language/interpretation of symbols is modified by thought processes?
premise 3: thoughts
91
Which premise is when we develop our sense of self from taking the role of the other?
premise 4: self
92
What is an example of premise 4: self?
look in mirror, cat sees a lion
93
What is the premise is our conversational partner is a blend of particular others and generalized others?
premise 5: society
94
What is an example of premise 5: society?
``` friends family acquaintances teachers significant other ```
95
What is the difference between the "I" and "Me"?
The I is the spontaneous, impulsive, creative self | The Me is the reflective, socially aware self
96
What is the difference between particular others and generalized others?
Particular others are individuals who are significant to us | Generalized other are the attitude of the whole community
97
What are the 3 mechanisms to reduce resonance?
1. selective exposure prevents dissonance 2. reassurance to reduce post decision dissonance 3. minimal justification for action induces a shift in attitude
98
what is selective attention?
paying attention to information that is consonant with current beliefs and actions
99
what is selective interpretation?
interpreting ambiguous information so that it becomes consistent with current beliefs and actions
100
what is selective retention?
remembering information that is consonant with current beliefs and actions
101
What are the assumptions of Human Cognition?
1. humans want consistency, need for consonance with how we think 2. dissonance is created by psychological inconsistencies 3. dissonance drives people to change behavior/belief
102
What is personal space?
spatial zone of 18 inches to 4 feet reserved for family and friends
103
What is intimate distance?
very close spatial zone spanning | 0-18 inches
104
What is social distance?
spatial zone of 4-12 feet, reserved for more formal relationships such as with coworkers
105
What is public distance?
spatial zone of 12 feet and beyond reserved for very formal discussions such as professor and students in class, celebrities/concerts
106
What is primary territory?
signal a person's exclusive dominance over an area
107
What is secondary territory?
locations that signal a person's affiliation with an area or object
108
What is public territory?`
locations that signal open spaces for everyone, including beaches and parks
109
what is expectancies?
cognitions (thoughts) and behaviors anticipated in conversations
110
what is it called when perceived negative or positive assessment of an unexpected behavior, value assigned to breach of expectations regardless of the violation?
violation valence
111
What is the focus on what people expect and reactions to others in conversations called?
expectancy violations theory
112
What is the sum of positive and negative attributes brought to encounter plus potential to reward or punish in the future called?
communication reward valence
113
What are some interpretations of the violator?
``` status attractiveness the power to reward good will who did it? ```

Organizational and Relational Comm (7 decks)

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