Relations with indigenous peoples and challenges to British authority 1890 - 1914 Flashcards
(42 cards)
Who was Lord Curzon and what was his role in India?
- Viceroy of India 1899 - 1905
- Wanted more effective administration
- Buffer zone between the Indogongetic plains and the Afghan tribes
- Convinced Russia was moving into Tibet and sent Sir Francis Younghusband to lead an expedition where the massacred Tibetan monks with machine guns
Who was Gokhakle?
- Part of the ‘Moderates’ within the Indian National Congress
- Critical of the British political and education system and the Middle Class
Who was Tilak?
- Part of the radicals in the INC
- Objected to concessions and requests.
- Drawn to passionate protests boycotts and direct action.
Who were Morley and Minto?
- Morley: Secretary of State
- Minto: Viceroy
- Introduced the Morley - Minto reforms in 1909
Give three points about the Partition of Bengal.
October 1905
- Two provinces were created, Western and Eastern Bengal.
- Bengali Hindus were outraged as it cit through the unity of Bengali-speaking community.
- Muslims delighted as they had a majority in the Eastern province. (18:12) million.
What were the Morley Minto reforms?
1909
- Increased Indian membership in the provincial council.
- Became law in the Indian Councils Act
- Councils remained advisory and Muslims were satisfied whilst Hindus were resentful as the electoral vote had changed for Muslims.
When was the Split of the Indian National Congress?
1907
- Split between the Moderates and the radicals.
- Good for British relations as radicals were forced out therefore a improved relationship with Congress.
When was the Indian National Congress established?
1885
When was Bengal reunited?
1911
- Viceroy Lord Hardinge reunited Bengal.
- Angered Indian Muslims and pleased Hindus.
- Hindus also became angry due the capital moving from Calcutta to Delhi.
When was the Muslim League established? Why was this significant?
1906
- It was a new organisation with different political demands.
Give 3 reasons why/how Nationalism in India represented a threat to the British
- Anti British terrorist activity increased increased post 1905, in 1909 an official of the India Office was shot by a nationalist.
- The Swadesh boycotting of British goods e.g. Lancashire cotton.
- INC had 73 representatives from all provinces in India
Give 3 reasons why Nationalism didn’t represent a threat to the British
- Mainly English-educated Indians were involved in the movement which was only a small number out of 500,000.
- British Raj was at its height which middle class Indian middle class respected.
- All India Muslim League and the INC had clear divide therefore couldn’t present a united front.
What was the Boxer Rebellion?
- Empress Tzu Hsi, fearing an alliance with Peking on the 18th June 1900 she joined forces with 30,000 Boxers on an attack on Peking.
- 14th August, International troops 18,000 relive the legions.
Why was nationalism a threat to the British in China? Was it actually?
- Spasms of violent xenophobia directed against missionaries in 1891 - 1.
- A new anti-foreigner movement had emerged, the Boxers.
- Lack of modern artillery allowed the British to overpower them.
Who were the Viceroys of India 1890 - 1914?
Lord Curzon, 1899 - 1905
Minto, 1905 - 1910
Lord Hardinge, 1910 - 1916
Who was Lord Cromer?
Evelyn Baring
- Consul General of Egypt 1883 - 1907.
- Nicknamed overbaring
- Appoints Saad Pasha as minister for education.
Who was Kitchener?
General Sit Hebert Kitchener
- Appointed Commander in chief of the Egyptian Army in 1896.
- Involved in Omdurman and Fashoda.
- Built a railway.
- Becomes Consul General of Egypt in 1911.
- New Legislative Assembly which had rich landowners rather than Egyptian of lower class.
Who was the Mahdi?
Seen as the saviour of mankind
- Leader of the Nationalist movement.
Who was Eldon Gorst?
Consul General in 1907 - 1911 after Cromer.
Brought in Egyptians into positions of power.
What was the Denshawai incident?
June 1906
- Clash between British officers and occupants of the village Denshawai incident.
- British arrested 52 villagers, 26 forced into hard labour or flogged.
What was the Battle of Omdurman?
1898
- Kitchener advanced toward Khartoum.
- Decisive battle with Khalifah’s main army, believed to be 60,000 strong.
- Khalifah’s army delivered frontal attacks repelled by machine - gun and artillery which killed and wounded 16,000.
Who did Cromer appoint as minister of education in 1906?
Saad Zaghulus Pasha
When was the National Party revived in Egypt? What was it called?
1893
- Al-Hizb-al-Watani
- Sought the end of British occupation and their own representative government.
Give 4 reasons why nationalism represented a threat to the British in West and East Africa
- Violence broke out in Nigeria, Guiana, Kenya and Natal.
- A revolt among the Nandi people in 1905 that left more than 1000 people dead.
- Hassan in Somaliland built up an army of 20,000 dervishes. British had to build up a force to repel it with the Ethiopian Emperor.
- Hut tax in Sierra Leone was met with resistance. Colonel Cardew responded with scorched earth tactics.
Chief Bai Bureh surrendered in 1898 and Cardew hanged 96 of the chief’s warriors.
