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Aging > Relationships > Flashcards

Relationships Flashcards

0
Q

Assortative mating

A

A theory that states that people find partners based on their similarity to each other

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1
Q

Abusive relationship

A

A relationship in which one partner displays aggressive behaviour toward the other partner

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2
Q

Battered woman syndrome

A

A situation in which a woman believes that she can’t leave an abusive relationship and may even go as far as to kill her abuser

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3
Q

Common couple violence

A

Violence that occurs occasionally and that can be instigated by either partner

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4
Q

Exchange theory

A

A theory of relationships based on the idea that each partner contributes something to the relationship that the other would be hard pressed to provide

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5
Q

Extended family

A

A family consisting of parents, children, grandparents, and other relatives all living together

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6
Q

Family life cycle

A

A series of predictable changes that most families experience

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7
Q

Filial obligation

A

The feeling that, as an adult child, one must care for one’s parents

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8
Q

Global reciprocity

A

A process in a long term relationship that allows for the perception that support will be balanced equitably over time

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9
Q

Grand parenting style

A

The various ways in which grandparents interact with their grandchildren

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10
Q

Homogamy

A

The notion that similar interests and values are important in forming strong, lasting interpersonal relationships

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11
Q

Mating gradient

A

The tendency for men to marry women younger than themselves who typically have fewer resources and less job experience

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12
Q

Nuclear family

A

A family consisting of parents and children

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13
Q

Patriarchal terrorism

A

Systemic violence by men against women

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14
Q

Socioemotional selectivity

A

A theory of relationships that argues that social contact is motivated by a variety of goals, including info seeking, self concept, and emotional regulation

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15
Q

3 themes of adult friendships

A
  1. Affective or emotional basis
  2. Shared or communal nature
  3. Sociability and compatibility
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16
Q

Socio emotional selectivity argues that social contact is motivated by a variety of goals. Each of these goals is differential salient at different points of the adult life span and results in very different social behaviours. What are these goals for young and for old?

A

For young, info seeking is predominant goal. Want to explore the world, figure out where they fit, what others are like, etc.

For old, emotional regulation is the major goal. Become highly selective in their choice of social partners and nearly always prefer people who are familiar to them

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17
Q

Rook proposes that old compensate for loss of friends through what 3 strategies

A
  1. Finding new ties
  2. Redefining the need for friends
  3. Developing alternate non-social activities
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18
Q

5 different types of sibling interactions

A
  1. Congenial
  2. Loyal
  3. Intimate
  4. Apathetic
  5. Hostile
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19
Q

Congenial sibling interaction

A

High levels of closeness and involvement. Average levels of contact. Low levels of envy and resentment

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20
Q

Loyal sibling interactions

A

Average levels of closeness, involvement, and contact. Low levels of envy and resentment.

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21
Q

Intimate sibling interactions

A

High levels of closeness and involvement. Low levels of envy and resentment

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22
Q

Apathetic sibling interactions

A

Low level on all dimensions

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23
Q

Hostile sibling interactions

A

High levels of involvement and resentment. Low levels on all other dimensions

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24
Q

Which 2 types of sibling interactions describe nearly 2/3 of all older sibling pairs

A

Loyal

Congenial

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25
Q

What characteristic showed the most variability across cultures

A

Chastity

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26
Q

Consistent gender differences emerged across cultures on the characteristics of what 2 aspects in a mate?

A

Earning potential (endorsed more by women)

Physical attractiveness (endorsed more by men)

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27
Q

Describe the role of humour in mating. Why is this?

A

Men valued women who appreciated their sense of humour, but were not as appreciative of funny women. Women valued men’s ability to produce humour. This is bc humour is used by men to signal sexual interest. Humour appreciation is used by women to indicate receptivity

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28
Q

O’Leary argues that there is a continuum of aggressive behaviours toward a spouse, which progresses as follows…

A
  1. Verbally aggressive
  2. Physically aggressive
  3. Severe physically aggressive
  4. Murder
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29
Q

Describe the distinction bw types of violence that can occur in relationships

A
  1. Common couple violence

2. Patriarchal terrorism

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30
Q

3 pertinent causes for men to abuse women

A
  1. Need to control
  2. Misuse of power
  3. Jealousy
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31
Q

Describe ethnic differences in abusive relationships

A

Cultures that emphasize honour and portray females as passive, nurturing supporters of me activities along with beliefs that emphasize loyalty and sacrifice for the family may contribute to the tolerance of abuse. Latino Americans and southern Anglo Americans rated woman in abusive relationship more positively if she stayed with the lab and communicated less disapproval of they witnesses a woman being abused and if she portrayed herself as contrite and self blaming. Anglo Americans rated the woman more positively if she left the man

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32
Q

McPherson’s 9 categories of elder abuse

A
  1. Physical
  2. Sexual
  3. Emotional
  4. Psychological
  5. Medical
  6. Financial or material
  7. Legal
  8. Abandonment
  9. Neglect
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33
Q

Describe ethnic differences in perceptions of elder abuse

A

Older Korean American women less likely to judge a particular scenario as abusive and to indicate that help should be sought.

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34
Q

More than __% of older Canadians experience abuse or neglect. This number has ___ over the years

A

4

Increased

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35
Q

Describe people who a use or neglect old

A

Show higher rates of substance abuse and mental health problems
Are inexperienced caregivers
Receive little help from other family members for care giving
Are hypocritical and insensitive to others
Are more likely to have been abused themselves

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36
Q

According to Pillemer, what could have laid the foundation for abuse late in life?

A

Attachment problems early in the parent-child relationship and subsequent difficulties.

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37
Q

Describe never married women

A

Focus on career girls. Better educated and economically secure. Simply didn’t meet the right person or prefer single good to the disappointment they experienced with men. Lots of pressure to marry. Have unresolved or unrecognized ambivalences about being single

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38
Q

Describe single men

A

Tend to remain single for longer in young adulthood bc tend to marry at a later age than women. Fewer men than women remain in married throughout adulthood, largely bc find partners more easily as select from a larger age range of unmarried women

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39
Q

Ethnic differences in singlehood

A

Higher percentage of single aboriginal men, but same for women.
Never married rates for older immigrants even lower

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40
Q

Positives of being single

A

Freedom and flexibility

41
Q

Negatives of being single

A

Loneliness
Limited social life in a couple-oriented society
Less sense of security
Negative health and longevity effects on men, but not on women.

42
Q

Describe the nature of gay and lesbian relationships o

A

Challenges resulting from disapproval.
Similar to traditional marriages in many ways.
Overall more egalitarian than heterosexual couples
Lesbian couples most egalitarian of all
Gay and lesbian parents don’t different
Lesbians attributed greater importance to equality in a relationship than Fahd did
Like in heterosexual couples, the value attributed to attachment in the ideal relationship declined for both types of relationships, reflecting increased feelings of trust and security

43
Q

Factors influencing marriage success

A
  1. Age
  2. Homogamy
  3. Exchange theory
44
Q

Developmental course of marriage satisfaction

A

Highest at beginning of marriage, falls until children begin leaving home, and rises again in later life. For some couples, satisfaction never rises and remains low - emotionally divorced. The pattern of particular marriage over the years is determined by the nature of dependence of each spouse on the other. When dependence is mutual and equitable over the long term, marriage is strong and close. Changes in individual lives over adulthood shift the balance of dependence from one partner to the other and learning to deal with these changes is the secret to a long and happy marriage

45
Q

Vulnerability-stress adaptation model of marriage

A

Marital equality is a dynamic process resulting from the couples’ ability to handle stressful events in the context of their particular vulnerabilities and resources. As couples’ ability to adapt to stressful situations gets better over time, the quality of the marriage will probably improve.

46
Q

Describe marriage in old

A

Compared with middle aged couples, old couples showed less potential for conflict and more potential for pleasure, equivalent levels of overall physical and mental health, fewer general differences in sources of pleasure, and more positive emotions. When discussing a problem, old less emotionally negative and more affectionate

47
Q

2 reasons given for the increase in divorce

A
  1. It is not perceived as negatively as it once was

2. People have much higher expectations of marriage

48
Q

Effects of divorce over time

A

Shortly after breakup, angrier and more bitter. Increased periods of hostility often accompanied by periods of depression and disequilibrium. Ex spouses preoccupied with their thoughts about former partner and who have high feelings of hostility have poorer emotional well being.

49
Q

What is key to a healthy post divorce relationship and an indicator of the extent to which ex spouses are moving on with their lives

A

Low preoccupation

50
Q

Gender differences in divorce

A

Men shocked by breakup, especially if wife filed for divorce. Men more likely to be blamed, to move out, and find their social lives disrupted.

Women file for divorce more often, have fewer prospects for potential remarriage, and find it harder to establish new relationships if they have custody of the kids. Women are also at serious financial disadvantage bc of custody of kids, being paid less than men, and less likely to have adequate child support from their husbands

51
Q

Divorce in middle age or later life has what special characteristics

A

Trauma greater bc long period of investment. Long time friends may turn away or take sides. Middle aged and older women at significant disadvantage for remarriage, which is especially traumatic situation for women who obtained much of their identity from their roles as wife and mother. Kids may still blame parents. Middle aged divorced women have financial problems especially those who spent many years as homemakers and have fewer marketable job skills.

52
Q

Describe research findings about remarriage

A

Nearly 43% remarry
Remarried Canadians 39 years old
Over half marry someone who had been married previously
Partner availability favours men
Probability that a divorced woman will remarry declines with increasing age
Women more likely to initiate divorce but less likely to remarry
Divorced me withot kids tend to marry women who have never married before
Divorced men with kids tend to marry divorced women without kids

53
Q

Are second marriages more successful?

A

Better communication, resolve disagreements with greater goodwill, arrive at decisions more equitably, divide chores more fairly. But 1 in 5 Canadians in remarriage leaves new spouse less than 8 years later

54
Q

Compare the experiences of widows and widowers

A

Widowers at higher risk of dying themselves, either by suicide or natural causes. Perhaps bc wife often man’s only close friend and confidant or bc men usually unprepared to live their lives alone. Older men I’ll equipped to live their lives alone and handle tasks like cooking and cleaning.

Widows suffer more financial losses

But men usually older than women when they become widowed, so it may be bc of this. If age held constant, widows report more anxiety.

55
Q

5 limitations of family life cycle theories

A
  1. Based on traditional, first time marriages with kids
  2. Child free marriages if Kees
  3. Effects of occupational factors, friends, family, and spouse are ignored
  4. Only the issues pertaining to raising the oldest child are used to define a family’s current stage
  5. Ethnic differences in parenting are ignored
56
Q

Riley and Riley present what 3 basic ways of structuring kinship ties

A
  1. Simple type
  2. Expanded type
  3. Latent type
57
Q

Simple type of kinship

A

Focuses on only 2 generations, typically parents and children. Common in the child development area and represent power differential in favour of the parents

58
Q

Expanded type of kinship ties

A

Involves 3 generations. But in formal connections with each other that are mediated by the middle generation. Can be used to describe the long period in which the middle generation had lived independently while their parents are aging. Power differentials tend to diminish as the generations become more equal

59
Q

Latent type of kinship tie

A

Lack of formal boundaries. Includes many diverse relationships, like several degrees of step kin and in laws who are not bonded through blood relationships. Generational links continually shift to provide dynamic relationships as they are needed

60
Q

What model do Riley and Riley argue is the best framework for contemporary North American society based on the several changes in the nature of kin relationships. Why?

A

Parents and kids living much longer, so they now achieve a point of being status equals. Property transfer no longer constitutes the primary reason for formal inter generational ties. Most older adults are reasonably healthy and self sufficient. Contemporary families are increasingly diverse in age bc of divorce and remarriage, reducing traditional generational gaps. Many forms of relationships provide alternatives to traditional parent-child interactions

61
Q

4 factors that influence the decision to have children

A
  1. Psychological
  2. Marital
  3. Career
  4. Lifestyle
62
Q

3 advantages of being child free

A
  1. Happier marriages
  2. More freedom
  3. Higher standards of living
63
Q

Quality of life in childless people

A

Childless older adults don’t report poorer quality of life than do those with adult kids. But never-married, childless men report being more lonely

64
Q

3 benefits of delaying first children are that older mothers are…

A
  1. More at ease being parents
  2. Spend more time with their babies
  3. Are more affectionate and sensitive to their babies
65
Q

Compare single mothers to single fathers

A

Single mothers hardest hit financially

Single fathers hardest hit emotionally

66
Q

Talk about gay and lesbian parenting

A

Kids reared by gays or lesbians don’t experience any more problems than kids reared by heterosexual parents. Don’t develop sexual identity or any other problems. Gay men especially concerned about being good and nurturing parents and try hard to raise kids with non sexist, egalitarian attitudes. Lesbians exhibit more parenting awareness skills than do heterosexual parents. We know little about how develops with age

67
Q

Explain ethnic differences in reasons for child departure from the home

A

European descent tend to leave home to find independence. Indo Canadians to marry. Chinese Canadians to obtain schooling. Asians to obtain schooling

68
Q

What would need to happen to prevent conflicts with boomerang children

A

Parents and children have to both choose to live together

69
Q

5 primary grandparenting styles

A
  1. Formal
  2. Fun seeker
  3. Distant
  4. Surrogate parents
  5. Dispenser of family wisdom
70
Q

Formal grandparenting

A

See their role in fairly traditional terms. Occasionally indulge grandchild. Babysit. Express strong interest in the grandchild. Maintain hands-off attitude toward childrearing, leaving that aspect to the parents.

71
Q

Fun seeking grandparenting

A

Informal playfulness

72
Q

Distant grandparenting

A

Appears mainly on holidays, birthdays, other formal occasions with ritual gifts for the grandchild. Otherwise, little contact with him or her

73
Q

Surrogate parent grandparenting

A

Fill in for working mothers

74
Q

Dispenser of family wisdom

A

Assume authoritarian position and offer imagination and advice

75
Q

5 meanings of grandparenting

A
  1. Centrality
  2. Value as an elder
  3. Immortality through clan
  4. Re-involvement with one’s personal past
  5. Indulgence
76
Q

Centrality

A

Degree to which grandparenting is a primary role in one’s life

77
Q

Value as an elder

A

Being perceived as a wise, helpful person

78
Q

Immortality through clan

A

Grandparent leaves behind not one but 2 generations

79
Q

Re-involvement with one’a personal past

A

Recalling relationships with one’s own grandparents

80
Q

Indulgence

A

Getting satisfaction from having fun with and spoiling one’a grandchildren

81
Q

Are there any systematic relationships between styles and meanings of grandparenting?

A

Yes.

  1. Most grandparents find several sources of meaning in being a grandparent
  2. There are a few consistent relationships bw the style of grandparenting and the various sources of meaning
82
Q

What is increasingly characterizing grandparent-grandchild relations?

A

Detachment

83
Q

4 reasons for more detached styles of grandparenting

A
  1. Increased geographic mobility
  2. Grandparents today more likely to live independent lives apart from their children and to be involved in several other roles
  3. Some grandparents rarely see grandchildren who are living with a former son or daughter in law
  4. Grandparents are not seen as the dispensers of childbearing advice they once were
84
Q

Gender differences in grandparenting

A

Grandmothers reported better overall satisfaction and meaning than grandfathers. But grandfathers felt more able to give childrearing advice to the parents.

85
Q

Grandparenting differences in lineage

A

Maternal grandparents more satisfied with grandparent good than expected to be. Paternal grandparents were not

86
Q

4 goals of storytelling

A
  1. Building the relationship
  2. Education about personal and historical events
  3. Value transmission
  4. Expression of Generativity
87
Q

3 aspects of great grandparent hood that appear to be the most important

A
  1. Provides sense of personal and family renewal
  2. Great grandchildren provide diversion in great grandparents lives
  3. Becoming great grandparent is a milestone, a mark of longevity
88
Q

Middle aged adults with their grown children and aging parents are caught bw 2 generations. This provides what 3 paradoxes?

A
  1. One is still a parent, yet one doesn’t have the same degree of control over an adult child’s behaviour than was the case years earlier. But still loves adult child very much
  2. Caring for aging parent
  3. Any relationship can be perceived as burdensome, rewarding, or both
89
Q

More often than not, the job of caring for older parents falls to…

A

Daughter or daughter in law. 3x more likely

90
Q

Price of caring for older parent

A

Conflict over daily routines and lifestyles

Adult kids may have trouble coping with declines in parents’ functioning, especially involving cognitive ability.

When care giving situation is perceived as confining or seriously infringes on adult child’s other responsibilities, situation perceived negatively

91
Q

Under what 3 conditions are caregivers to older parents more at risk for long-term depression

A
  1. Have to deal with high levels of behaviour problems in care recipients
  2. Feel trapped in their role as caregiver
  3. Feel overloaded
92
Q

Under what conditions do caregivers report better mental health

A
  1. Appraise stressors as benign
  2. Use appropriate coping skills
  3. Have good social support
93
Q

From the parent’s perspective, why might being cared for by children be perceived as negative?

A
  1. Independence and autonomy are important traditional values
  2. Older adults more likely than their children to express the desire to pay for professional assistance rather than ask a family member for help, and more likely to find it demeaning to live with their children
  3. Most move in as a last resort
  4. Almost 2/3 do older adults who receive help with daily activities feel negatively about the help they received
94
Q

6 aspects of Newsom’s model of how certain aspects of care can produce negative perceptions of care directly or by affecting the interactions bw caregiver and care recipient

A
  1. Helping characteristics
  2. Relationship variables
  3. Caregiver variables
  4. Care recipient variables
  5. Situational variables
  6. Interactions with caregiver
95
Q

Helping characteristics

A

Inappropriate amount, quality of help, criticism

96
Q

Relationship variables

A

Relationship conflict, communication, reciprocity

97
Q

Caregiver variables

A

Anger, depression, burden, social skills

98
Q

Care recipient variables

A

Self esteem, control, need for independence, impairment, pessimism

99
Q

Situational variables

A

Mood, pain, life events, conflict

100
Q

Interactions with care giver

A

Help support, conflict

Aging (9 decks)

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