Work Flashcards
(143 cards)
0
Q
Alienation
A
The feeling that results when workers believe that what they are doing is worthless and that their efforts are devalued, or when they do not see the connection between what they do and the final product
1
Q
Age discrimination
A
Denying employment or promotion to someone on the basis of age
2
Q
Burnout
A
The feeling that results when the pace and pressure of one’s occupation becomes more than one can bear, involving a depletion of one’s energy and motivation, loss of occupational idealism, and a feeling of exploitation
3
Q
Career plateauing
A
The lack of promotional opportunity within an organization or one’s decision not to seek advancement
4
Q
Comparable worth
A
The notion of equalizing pay in occupations that are determined to be equivalent in importance but differ in the gender distribution of the people doing the jobs
5
Q
Glass ceiling
A
An invisible but real barrier to the occupational development of women that allows them to advance to a certain level in an organization and no higher
6
Q
Glass elevator
A
The means by which men in traditionally female occupations rise at a faster rate than their female counterparts
7
Q
Inter-role conflict
A
A clash between competing or incompatible sets of roles, most often seen in work and family settings
8
Q
Job satisfaction
A
How happy one is with one’a job. The positive feeling that results from a self-appraisal of one’s work
9
Q
Job strain
A
The balance between the psychological demands of a job (eg. Workload) and the amount of control a worker had in that job
10
Q
Mentor
A
A person who provides a newer employee with the informal training required in a given occupation, as well as the unwritten rules of an organization
11
Q
Occupational priorities
A
The reasons why one works, and how one views them, reflect the culture and the time in which one lives, as well as the characteristics of the job and the quality of the workplace
12
Q
Preretirement education program
A
A program aimed at educating workers about the broad range if issues they will face in retirement, including health, adjustment, and finances
13
Q
Reality shock
A
The realization of the complexities and difficulties of the real world, encountered first by most during the transition from school to the work force
14
Q
Reasonable woman standard
A
The appropriate basis for defining sexual harassment. Defined as the standard by which a reasonable woman would consider a behaviour offensive
15
Q
Sex discrimination
A
Denying a person a position or a promotion solely on the basis of gender
16
Q
Vocational maturity
A
A continuum of maturity through one’a working years. The more congruent one’a occupational behaviour is with what is expected at different ages, the more vocationally mature one is
17
Q
Work-family conflict
A
Incompatible demands from one’a work and one’a family
18
Q
Compare the experience of job strain among those in managerial, technical, or professional jobs with those with service and blue collar applications. Why is this?
A
Job strain affected retirement decision in managerial, technical, or professional jobs, but not those in service and blue collar applications. Those experiencing more strain were more likely to make a decision to retire. This relationship in the high group has grown stronger in the last decade.
The reason for this is bc lower paying jobs may not have the option or resources to choose their retirement date. Professional workers may have dif expectations of work and when these aren’t met, have resources to retire. Managers and professionals also have more options to find post-retirement employment and thus are more likely to leave an unsatisfactory job
19
Q
Explain the changing nature of work
A
The traditional view of work assumes that one’s job consists of a certain set of tasks that must be performed. But now, global competition means that Canadian workers are competing for jobs in the same industries as those in China, Mexico and India.
Whereas traditional organizational careers consisted of meeting the needs of the organization, now the emphasis is on occasional flexibility and learning as organizations respond to rapidly changing market conditions. Workers must assume more autonomy and decision making and have a variety of technical skillsn
20
Q
Holland’s theory of occupational choice (without the lists)
A
People choose their occupations to optimize the fit bw their individual traits and their occupational interests. He categorizes occupations in 2 ways and identified 6 work environments in which people can express their vocational personalities. Each work environment is best suited to a specific set of occupations. This theory exists at the level of interest, not performance requirements.
21
Q
Holland categorizes occupations in what 2 ways
A
- Interpersonal settings in which people function
2. Associated lifestyle
22
Q
Holland’s 6 work environments in which people can express their vocational personalities
A
- Realistic
- Investigative
- Social
- Conventional
- Enterprising
- Artistic
23
Q
Super’s theory
A
Theory of occupational development based on self concept. People are located along a continuum of vocational maturity through their working years. During adulthood, people progress through 5 distinct stages during adulthood, resulting from changes in people’s self concept and adaptation to an occupational role
24
Super's 5 distinct stages that people progress through in adulthood
1. Implementation
2. Establishment
3. Maintenance
4. Deceleration
5. Retirement
25
Describe the meaning and role of crystallization and specification in super's theory
Crystallization and specification are the initial 2 phases of super's theory. They occur primarily during late adolescence, and the first adulthood phase may have it's origins then as well. Crystallization refers to identity development as a source of career ideas and specification refers to focusing on and training in specific lines of work
26
Implementation stage
Begins in late adolescence or early 20s. People take a series of temporary jobs to learn firsthand about work roles and to try out some possible career choices
27
Establishment
Begins with selecting a specific occupation during young adulthood. Continues as the person advances up the career ladder in the same occupation
28
Maintenance
Transition during middle as. As workers maximize their efficiency, they begin to reduce the amount of time they spend fulfilling work roles
29
Deceleration
Begins as workers begin planning in earnest for their upcoming retirement and separating themselves from their work
30
Retirement
Begins when people stop working full-time
31
Shortcomings to Super's theory
Downsizing of public and private organizations since the late 1980s has all but eliminated the notion of lifetime job security. Doesn't fit with women's work experiences. Doesn't fit with lived experiences of most adults bc they move in and out of the labour force
32
A mentor fulfills what 2 main functions
1. Improving the protege's chances for advancement
| 2. Promoting his or her psychological and social well-being
33
How is playing the role of a mentor a developmental phase in one's occupation
It fulfills aspects of Generativity and makes sure that there is some continuity in the field
34
Explain sex differences in mentoring
Women have a greater need for a mentor than men do bc they receive less socialization in the skills necessary to do well in the workplace. Women with mentors have higher expectations about career advancement. Women have a harder time finding adequate mentors bc there are few female models who could serve the mentoring function. Women who have female mentors significantly more productive than women with make mentors. Make mentor-female protege relationships may involve conflict and tension resulting from possible sexual overtones, even when there has been no overtly sexual Behavior on anyone's part
35
The 4 stage sequence of a mentor-protege relationship
1. Initiation
2. Cultivation
3. Separation
4. Redefinition
36
Initiation
6-12 month period. Protege selects a mentor and they begin to develop their relationship
37
Cultivation
2-5 years. The most active phase of the mentoring relationship. Mentor provides occupational assistance and serves as a confidant
38
Separation
The most difficult stage. Begins when the protege received a promotion, often to the level of the mentor. Protege must emerge from the protection of the mentor to demonstrate his or her competence. Both parties experience feelings of loneliness and separation
39
Re-definition
Protege and mentor re-establish their relationship but with a new set of rules based more on friendship bw peers
40
Describe 7 findings that describe the complex relationship bw worker age and job satisfaction
Satisfaction doesn't increase in all areas and job types with age.
1. Older workers more satisfied with the intrinsic personal aspects of their jobs than they are with extrinsic aspects like pay.
2. White- collar professionals show increase in job satisfaction, whereas blue-collard do not.
3. Increases in job satisfaction may not result from age all me but rather from the degree to which there is a good fit bw worker and job.
4. Older workers have had more time to find a job they like or may have resigned themselves to the fact that things are unlikely to improve, resulting in better congruence.
5. As workers get older, they make work less of a focus in their lives, perhaps bc they've achieved occupational success. Or have begun transition to retirement
6. Type of job and the degree of family responsibilities at different career stages may influence the relationship bw age and job satisfaction.
7. Job satisfaction may be cyclical
41
4 ways employers can avoid creating alienated workers
1. Involve workers in the decision making process
2. Create flexible work schedules
3. Institute employee development and enhancement programs
4. Work toward democratization of the workplace, giving workers control over organizational planning
42
Burnout is most common among people in what kind of professions? Why?
Helping professions bc they deal with people's complex problems, usually under difficult time constraints. Experience these pressures every day along with beurocratic paper work
43
4 defenses against burnout
1. Practicing stress reduction techniques
2. Lowering workers' expectations of themselves
3. Enhancing communication and personal control within organizations
4. Longer rest periods bw shifts
44
Consider the differences be women's and men's occupational expectations
Occupational achievement is stressed as a core element of masculinity. Traditionally, women haven't been trained in this manner. They've been trained to be accommodating, deferential, quiet, and supportive. Girls expect that they will be able to balance work and family life, particularly if their mothers worked outside the home. Major structural barriers to women's occupational selection remain
45
Why are there fewer women than men in academic positions
Women believe mothers face barriers to advancement and choose not to enter academia
46
Most often, who are the victims of sexual harassment in the workplace?
Single or divorced women under age 35
47
The degree to which behaviour is offensive depends on what 5 factors
1. Victim behaviour
2. Supervisory status
3. Harasser's I tensions
4. Frequency of occurrence
48
3 ways in which age discrimination occurs
1. Making certain types of physical or mental performance a job requirement
2. Attempting to get rid of older workers by using retirement
3. Using age as a factor in performance evaluations for raises or in promotions or in decisions about which employees are eligible for additional training
49
Consider the reasons people change occupations
Whether the person likes the occupation, obsolete skills, and economic trends determine who will remain in job and who will change. Forced occupational changes can also have benefits bc adults can take advantage of educational benefits offered as part of a separation package, others pursue educational opportunities to learn new skills, and others look to advance elsewhere
50
Examine the benefits of worker retraining for all and for old specifically
Unless they keep their skills up to date, may be hard for older workers to maintain their jobs or land new jobs. Retraining may be appropriate response. Retrained workers make more money than those who don't get retrained. Older workers benefited more if they stayed with the same employer, whereas younger workers better off switching employers. Some older workers may perceive fewer benefits in participating in retraining and have lower self efficacy for skill development. Older adults may have less self confidence in developing career relevant skills
51
What people showed significant improvements in mental health after job loss?
Poole who were satisfied in their new jobs
52
Mental health of people who experienced job loss and were still unemployed
No change
53
Unemployed people vary among what 5 dimensions
1. Financial concerns
2. Employment commitment
3. Job-seeking confidence level
4. Degree of time structure
5. Adaptation to unemployment
54
4 clusters of unemployed people
1. Confident but concerned about getting another job
2. Distressed about being unemployed
3. Unconcerned and indifferent about being unemployed
4. Optimistic about the future and coping with unemployment
55
For mothers who return to work after having children, what is their motivation related to?
How attached they are to ther work
56
Regarding mothers who return to work after having children, what reasons were given among those with low work attachment? Moderate work attachment? High work attachment?
Low - pressing financial needs
Moderate - intrinsic and financial reasons
High - intrinsic personal achievement reasons
57
3 key factors in selecting an appropriate care site
1. Quality of care
2. Price
3. Hours of availability
58
Examine sex differences in working and caring for dependants. Why?
Women report missing more meetings and being absent from work more often. Women report higher levels of stress. This is probably bc women don't put the same boundaries around their work and family lives as men do. Men didn't allow family demands to affect their careers as much as women did.
59
Regarding the division of household chores, there is a greater likelihood of gender parity if..
The wife's income is high and if she had a university education
60
Regarding division of household chores, women are more satisfied if.. Men are more satisfied if...
Women more satisfied when men are willing to perform women's traditional chores.
Men are more satisfied with an equitable division of labour based on the hours spent, especially if the amount of time needed to perform household tasks is small.
61
The discrepancy bw men and women doing household chores is greatest when..? Less when?
Man endorsed traditional masculine gender roles and is less when the man endorsed more feminine or androgynous gender roles and the woman's jnfo me and education levels are high
62
What part of having children causes stress
Number of children. Stress increases greatly with each additional child, irrespective of their ages.
63
The highest conflict bw the competing demands of work and family occurs during what time?
Peak parenting years - period in which there are 2+ preschool children
64
Sex differences regarding burnout
For women, occurs bc of both work and non-work stress.
For men, occurs only from work stress
65
Name all the ways that leisure activities can be categorized
1. Culture
2. Physical
3. Social
4. Solitary
1. Very high intensity
2. Moderately high intensity
3. Medium high intensity
4. Moderately low intensity
5. Low intensity
1. Preoccupations
2. Interests
66
What is the difference bw preoccupations and interests
Preoccupations are like daydreaming. Sometimes they become more focuses and are converted into interests.
Interests are ideas and feelings about things one would like to do, is curious about, or is attracted to
67
The activities in our leisure repertoire are determined by what 2 things?
1. Perceived competence
| 2. Psychological comfort
68
Consider developmental differences in leisure activities
Young adults participate in a greater range of activities than middle aged adults do.
Young adults prefer more intense leisure activities.
Old narrow the range of activities and lower their intensity even further
One'a preferences for certain types of leisure activities are established early in life and tend to change over the life span primarily in terms of how physically intense they are
69
The key aspect of well-being from leisure activities is not the level of participation, but what?
How much satisfaction you derive from your leisure activities
70
Investigate the meaning of retirement
One way to look at retirement is the complete withdrawal from the workforce. But this definition is inadequate bc many retired continue to work part time.
Another way to define retirement is as a self-described state.
A useful way to view retirement is as a complex process by which people withdraw from full-time participation in an occupation
71
The withdrawal process in retirement can be described in 1 of what 2 ways
1. Crisp
| 2. Blurred
72
Crisp retirement
Making a clean break from employment by stopping work entirely
73
Blurred retirement
Repeatedly leaving and returning to work, with some unemployment periods
74
In reality, is retirement crisp or blurred
Blurred
75
What is the most common reason for returning to work after formal retirement
Financial need
76
What is one key element to successful retirement
Preparation
77
Describe some benefits of planning for retirement
More financial equity
Increases possibility of a healthier lifestyle
More positive attitudes towards retirement
Exposure to new leisure activities
Ways to express alternative housing
78
Describe the relationship bw financial issues and retirement decisions
When retirement compulsory, financial security tends to increase the rate of retirement
When retirement caused by health limitations, financial security tends to decrease the rate of retirement
When retirement caused by job loss, financial security doesn't influence retirement rate
79
How does salary influence retirement decisions
Higher salaries tend to reduce the decision to retire
80
Does retirement proceed in an orderly sequence
No
81
People's adjustment to retirement evolves over time as a result of complex interactions of what?
Physical health
Financial status
Voluntary retirement status
Feelings of personal control
82
Relationship bw retirement and health, friendships, and activity
Doesn't decrease
83
Consider what effects retirement has on maintaining family and community ties
Marital status by itself has little effect on older women's satisfaction with retirement
Never-married men are as satisfied as married retirees
Divorced, separated, or widowed men are much less happy. These findings point to the stabilizing effects of marriage for men
Retirement disrupts long-established patterns of family interactions. Simply being together more may strain.
84
Why do older adults report they volunteer?
Help themselves deal with life transitions
Provide service to others
Maintain social interactions
Improve their communities
85
4 factors responsible for increase in volunteering among old
1. Improved public perception of the skills and wisdom older adults have to offer
2. Re-definition of the nature and merits of volunteer work
3. More highly educated population of older adults
4. Greatly expanded opportunities for people to become involved in volunteer work that they enjoy
86
Sex differences regarding burnout
For women, occurs bc of both work and non-work stress.
For men, occurs only from work stress
87
Name all the ways that leisure activities can be categorized
1. Culture
2. Physical
3. Social
4. Solitary
1. Very high intensity
2. Moderately high intensity
3. Medium high intensity
4. Moderately low intensity
5. Low intensity
1. Preoccupations
2. Interests
88
What is the difference bw preoccupations and interests
Preoccupations are like daydreaming. Sometimes they become more focuses and are converted into interests.
Interests are ideas and feelings about things one would like to do, is curious about, or is attracted to
89
The activities in our leisure repertoire are determined by what 2 things?
1. Perceived competence
| 2. Psychological comfort
90
Consider developmental differences in leisure activities
Young adults participate in a greater range of activities than middle aged adults do.
Young adults prefer more intense leisure activities.
Old narrow the range of activities and lower their intensity even further
One'a preferences for certain types of leisure activities are established early in life and tend to change over the life span primarily in terms of how physically intense they are
91
The key aspect of well-being from leisure activities is not the level of participation, but what?
How much satisfaction you derive from your leisure activities
92
Investigate the meaning of retirement
One way to look at retirement is the complete withdrawal from the workforce. But this definition is inadequate bc many retired continue to work part time.
Another way to define retirement is as a self-described state.
A useful way to view retirement is as a complex process by which people withdraw from full-time participation in an occupation
93
The withdrawal process in retirement can be described in 1 of what 2 ways
1. Crisp
| 2. Blurred
94
Crisp retirement
Making a clean break from employment by stopping work entirely
95
Blurred retirement
Repeatedly leaving and returning to work, with some unemployment periods
96
In reality, is retirement crisp or blurred
Blurred
97
What is the most common reason for returning to work after formal retirement
Financial need
98
What is one key element to successful retirement
Preparation
99
Describe some benefits of planning for retirement
More financial equity
Increases possibility of a healthier lifestyle
More positive attitudes towards retirement
Exposure to new leisure activities
Ways to express alternative housing
100
Describe the relationship bw financial issues and retirement decisions
When retirement compulsory, financial security tends to increase the rate of retirement
When retirement caused by health limitations, financial security tends to decrease the rate of retirement
When retirement caused by job loss, financial security doesn't influence retirement rate
101
How does salary influence retirement decisions
Higher salaries tend to reduce the decision to retire
102
Does retirement proceed in an orderly sequence
No
103
People's adjustment to retirement evolves over time as a result of complex interactions of what?
Physical health
Financial status
Voluntary retirement status
Feelings of personal control
104
Relationship bw retirement and health, friendships, and activity
Doesn't decrease
105
Sex differences regarding burnout
For women, occurs bc of both work and non-work stress.
For men, occurs only from work stress
106
Name all the ways that leisure activities can be categorized
1. Culture
2. Physical
3. Social
4. Solitary
1. Very high intensity
2. Moderately high intensity
3. Medium high intensity
4. Moderately low intensity
5. Low intensity
1. Preoccupations
2. Interests
107
What is the difference bw preoccupations and interests
Preoccupations are like daydreaming. Sometimes they become more focuses and are converted into interests.
Interests are ideas and feelings about things one would like to do, is curious about, or is attracted to
108
The activities in our leisure repertoire are determined by what 2 things?
1. Perceived competence
| 2. Psychological comfort
109
Consider developmental differences in leisure activities
Young adults participate in a greater range of activities than middle aged adults do.
Young adults prefer more intense leisure activities.
Old narrow the range of activities and lower their intensity even further
One'a preferences for certain types of leisure activities are established early in life and tend to change over the life span primarily in terms of how physically intense they are
110
The key aspect of well-being from leisure activities is not the level of participation, but what?
How much satisfaction you derive from your leisure activities
111
Investigate the meaning of retirement
One way to look at retirement is the complete withdrawal from the workforce. But this definition is inadequate bc many retired continue to work part time.
Another way to define retirement is as a self-described state.
A useful way to view retirement is as a complex process by which people withdraw from full-time participation in an occupation
112
The withdrawal process in retirement can be described in 1 of what 2 ways
1. Crisp
| 2. Blurred
113
Crisp retirement
Making a clean break from employment by stopping work entirely
114
Blurred retirement
Repeatedly leaving and returning to work, with some unemployment periods
115
In reality, is retirement crisp or blurred
Blurred
116
What is the most common reason for returning to work after formal retirement
Financial need
117
What is one key element to successful retirement
Preparation
118
Describe some benefits of planning for retirement
More financial equity
Increases possibility of a healthier lifestyle
More positive attitudes towards retirement
Exposure to new leisure activities
Ways to express alternative housing
119
Describe the relationship bw financial issues and retirement decisions
When retirement compulsory, financial security tends to increase the rate of retirement
When retirement caused by health limitations, financial security tends to decrease the rate of retirement
When retirement caused by job loss, financial security doesn't influence retirement rate
120
How does salary influence retirement decisions
Higher salaries tend to reduce the decision to retire
121
Does retirement proceed in an orderly sequence
No
122
People's adjustment to retirement evolves over time as a result of complex interactions of what?
Physical health
Financial status
Voluntary retirement status
Feelings of personal control
123
Relationship bw retirement and health, friendships, and activity
Doesn't decrease
124
Sex differences regarding burnout
For women, occurs bc of both work and non-work stress.
For men, occurs only from work stress
125
Name all the ways that leisure activities can be categorized
1. Culture
2. Physical
3. Social
4. Solitary
1. Very high intensity
2. Moderately high intensity
3. Medium high intensity
4. Moderately low intensity
5. Low intensity
1. Preoccupations
2. Interests
126
What is the difference bw preoccupations and interests
Preoccupations are like daydreaming. Sometimes they become more focuses and are converted into interests.
Interests are ideas and feelings about things one would like to do, is curious about, or is attracted to
127
The activities in our leisure repertoire are determined by what 2 things?
1. Perceived competence
| 2. Psychological comfort
128
Consider developmental differences in leisure activities
Young adults participate in a greater range of activities than middle aged adults do.
Young adults prefer more intense leisure activities.
Old narrow the range of activities and lower their intensity even further
One'a preferences for certain types of leisure activities are established early in life and tend to change over the life span primarily in terms of how physically intense they are
129
The key aspect of well-being from leisure activities is not the level of participation, but what?
How much satisfaction you derive from your leisure activities
130
Investigate the meaning of retirement
One way to look at retirement is the complete withdrawal from the workforce. But this definition is inadequate bc many retired continue to work part time.
Another way to define retirement is as a self-described state.
A useful way to view retirement is as a complex process by which people withdraw from full-time participation in an occupation
131
The withdrawal process in retirement can be described in 1 of what 2 ways
1. Crisp
| 2. Blurred
132
Crisp retirement
Making a clean break from employment by stopping work entirely
133
Blurred retirement
Repeatedly leaving and returning to work, with some unemployment periods
134
In reality, is retirement crisp or blurred
Blurred
135
What is the most common reason for returning to work after formal retirement
Financial need
136
What is one key element to successful retirement
Preparation
137
Describe some benefits of planning for retirement
More financial equity
Increases possibility of a healthier lifestyle
More positive attitudes towards retirement
Exposure to new leisure activities
Ways to express alternative housing
138
Describe the relationship bw financial issues and retirement decisions
When retirement compulsory, financial security tends to increase the rate of retirement
When retirement caused by health limitations, financial security tends to decrease the rate of retirement
When retirement caused by job loss, financial security doesn't influence retirement rate
139
How does salary influence retirement decisions
Higher salaries tend to reduce the decision to retire
140
Does retirement proceed in an orderly sequence
No
141
People's adjustment to retirement evolves over time as a result of complex interactions of what?
Physical health
Financial status
Voluntary retirement status
Feelings of personal control
142
Relationship bw retirement and health, friendships, and activity
Doesn't decrease
