Relationships and Behaviour Flashcards
1
Q
Behavioural learning
A
Individual determines what behaviours are culturally appropriate and how behaviours result in specific consequences
- can result in modifications of behaviour in order to optimize the results
2
Q
Associative learning/conditioning
A
Creating associations between certain stimuli and specific responses
3
Q
Classical conditioning
A
Subject develops a response to a previously neutral stimulus by associating the stimulus w/ another stimulus that already elicited that response
4
Q
Unconditioned stimulus
A
the stimulus that creates the response first
- eg. food (US) creates salivation (UR)
5
Q
Unconditioned response
A
Salivation (UR)
- this type of action is innate, taking place w/o the need of learning
6
Q
Neutral stimulus
A
A stimulus eliciting no response
- eg. food bowl (NR) gets associated with act of receiving food (US) and had become a conditioned stimulus (CS)
7
Q
Conditioned stimulus
A
Has been associated w/ an unconditioned stimulus, elicits a learned or conditioned response (CR)
- eg. bell (CS) -> CR (salivation)
8
Q
Conditioned response
A
Similar to original unconditioned response (UR)
- eg. salivation
9
Q
Acquisition
A
Conditioned response to a new stimulus is established
10
Q
Spontaneous recovery
A
Reappearance of conditioned response after a period of lessened response
11
Q
Extinction
A
Disappearance of conditioned response of salivation
12
Q
Stimulus Generalisation
A
Tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
13
Q
Stimulus Discrimination
A
Learned lack of response to a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus
14
Q
Operant Conditioning
A
Type of associative learning in which an individual becomes more or less likely to carry out a certain behaviour based on its consequences
15
Q
Reinforcement
A
A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour
eg. delivery of food
16
Q
Punishment
A
Stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour (eg. delivery of a shock)
17
Q
Positive Reinforcement
A
Introduction of a reinforcing stimulus in response to a desired behaviour
18
Q
Negative Reinforcement
A
Removal of an unpleasant stimulus in response to a desired behaviour
19
Q
Positive punishment
A
eg. parent reprimand son when he gets home from coming home fast curfew
20
Q
Negative punishment
A
eg. parent takes away their son’s cell phone for a week
21
Q
Primary reinforcer
A
eg. delivery of food
- relate to physiological needs
- harness drive for survival
22
Q
Primary punisher
A
eg. exposure to extreme temperature
- relate to physiological needs
- harness drive for survival
23
Q
Secondary reinforcers/conditioned reinforcers
A
eg. money, praise, prestige, and good grades
24
Q
Secondary punishers
A
eg. fines, scolding, ostracism and bad grades
25
Escape conditioning
Learned behaviour allows subject to escape the unpleasant stimulus
eg. half of floor where mouse is located becomes electrified, mouse will learn to move to the other side of the cage in order to stop being shocked
26
Avoidance conditioning
Learned behaviour allows subject to avoid the unpleasant stimulus altogether by employing specific response
27
Reinforcement schedule
Describes how often and under what conditions a behaviour is reinforced
28
Partial reinforcement/intermittent reinforcement
eg. mouse is only rewarded some of the times that it stands up
29
Shaping
- type of operant conditioning
| - shapes behaviour toward a certain response by reinforcing successive approximations toward the desired behaviour
30
Innate behaviours
Behaviours that are developmentally fixed
- heavily influenced by physiology and genetic inheritance of the organism
- difficult or impossible to change through learning
31
Cognitive processes
- necessary for associative learning of non-instinctual behaviour
32
Observational learning
- based on MODELING
- witnessing another person's actions, retaining information on that person's behaviour, and later re-enacting what was learned through that observation in one's own behaviour
33
Mirror neurons
Specialised nerve cells
| - fired both when a person is completing an action and when the person observes someone else completing the same action
34
Vicarious emotions
Feeling the emotions of others as though they are one's own
35
Behaviour
The sum coordinated responses of organisms to the internal and external stimuli that they experience
- genetics can influence behaviour
- hormones can also influence behaviour
36
Verbal communication
Means of transferring knowledge and ideas from one individual to the next w/ high level of precision
37
Nonverbal communication
All communication between people that does not involve words
- eg. body language, touch, appearance, facial expressions
38
Animal signals
Consist of vocalizations (eg. distress calls) or use of visual stimuli, touch, and smell for communication
39
Social behaviour
Interactions taking place between members of the same species
- inherited genetically b/c it is evolutionary advantageous
40
Attraction
Factors that draw members of a species togther
41
Aggression
Conflict and competition between individuals
42
Attachment
Forming relationships between individuals
43
Social support
Finding help through social connections
44
Foraging behaviour
Set of behaviours through which animals obtain food
| - type of social behaviour
45
Mating behaviour
Behaviour surrounding propagation of a species through reproduction
- natural selection plays a role in mating behaviour
46
Mate choice
Determined by a # of factors: attempts to judge the genetic qualities, overall health, and potential parenting skills of prospective mates
47
Altruism
Behaviours that are disadvantageous to the individual acting, but confer benefits to other members of its social group
48
Inclusive Fitness
Overall fitness (an individual's level of success at passing on its genes) by considering not only the individual's own progeny, but also the offspring of its close relatives
49
Game theory
Use of mathematical models to represent complex decision making in which the actions of other group members must be taken into account
50
Group
Set of individuals who interact w/ each other and share some elements of identity
51
Networks
Outside of group-specific interactions
| eg. communicating through friends of friends
52
Organisation
Collection of individuals joining together to coordinate their interactions toward a specific purpose
53
Role
A person's expected behaviour in a particular situation
54
Status
Social position
55
Express emotion
One of the keys to engage in successful social interactions
56
Detect emotion
One of the keys to engage in successful social interaction
57
Self-Presentation
How people are perceived
58
Impression Management
Process of consciously making behavioural choices in order to create a specific impression in the minds of others
59
Dramaturgical Approach
A theory of impression management
- impression management takes place in all aspects of human interaction
- a person's behaviour is an ongoing performance of self that changes according to the situation
- the self is NOT a fixed, unchangeable entity, but rather can be formed and reformed through interactions w/ others
60
Front Stage Self
The behaviour that a player (person) performs in front of an audience (usually society, or some subset of society)
- a person performs her front stage self when she knows she is being watched and that her behaviour is subject to judgement by an audience
61
Back Stage Self
Employed when players are together but no audience is present
- players let go of conventions necessary for the front stage self
- players perform a diff self for each other than they do for the audience
- can include behaviour that are unacceptable when in front of audience
62
Groupthink
A group's members tend to think alike and agree for the sake of group harmony
- members may self-censor ideas or opinions that go against group norms or may be pressured by other group members to keep silent on such opinions
- allow for quick decision-making
- but may be bad b/c when the group is unanimous, they think their decision is correct -> could lead to disastrous outcomes
63
Group Polarization
Through interactions and discussion of a group, attitude of the group as a whole toward a particular issue becomes stronger than the attitudes of its individual members
64
Peer Pressure
Social influence exerted by one's peers to act in a way that is acceptable or similar to their own behaviours
- connected to desire for conformity and social acceptance
65
Social facilitation
Tendency to perform better when a person knows he is being watched
- most pronounced for tasks at which the performer is highly practised or skilled
- individual will perform worse in front of an audience if the skill is new or uncomfortable
66
Social loafing
Members of a group decrease the pace or intensity of their own work w/ the intention of letting other group members work harder
- the presence of a free-loader decreases the efficiency of the group
67
Deindividuation
People lose awareness of their individuality and instead immerse themselves in the mood or activities of a crowd
- can lead to actions that would otherwise go against individuals' moral principles
- individuals no longer feel responsible for their own behaviour
- pros: wearing mask/uniform to gain more social acceptance w/in the larger group
- cons: Stanley Cup Riot 2011
68
Socialization
Process by which people learn customs and values and their culture
- occurs via observational learning and operant conditioning in which "proper" behaviours are rewarded and unacceptable behaviours are met w/ criticism or punishment
69
Social Norms
Rules that community members are expected to follow
70
Agents of socialization
Group and people who influence personal attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours
- eg. friends, family, neighbours, religion, school, media, sports teams, workplace
71
Conformity
Tendency of individuals to change their attitudes, opinions, behaviours to align w/ group norms
72
Obedience
Behavioural changes made in response to a command by an authority figure
- opposite of conformity
73
Deviance
Behaviour that violates social expectations
74
Stigma
Negative social label that changes a person's social identity by classifying the labeled person as abnormal or tainted in some respect
eg. a worker not getting hours b/c of him showing at work late all the time
75
Assimilation
Process by which an individual or group becomes part of a new culture
- eg. language acquisition and gaining knowledge about social roles and rules of newly adopted culture
76
Subculture
Culture tha tis shared by a smaller group of people who are also part of a larger culture but have specific cultural attributes that set them apart form the larger group
77
Multiculturalism
Practise of valuing and respecting differences in culture
- belief that coexistence of separate cultures is a valuable goal, rather than encouraging all cultures to blend together through ASSIMILATION
78
Ethnocentrism
Belief that one's group is of central importance and includes the tendency to judge the practises of other groups by one's own cultural standards
79
Cultural Relativism
Opposite of ethnocentrism
| - practise of trying to understand a culture on its own terms and to judge a culture by its own standards
80
In-group
Individual shares identity and toward which she feels loyalty
81
Out-group
A group where an individual does not identify and may feel competition or hostility
82
Bias
Individual favours in-group and devalues out-groups
83
Prejudices
Strict generalisations about out-group members or categories of people
84
Stereotype
Concept about group or category of people that includes belief that all members of that group share certain characteristics
- can be positive, negative, or neutral
85
Stereotype Threat
Anxiety and resulting impaired performance that a person may experience when confronted w/ a negative stereotype about a group to which he belongs or when he feels his performance may confirm a negative stereotype about his group
86
Self-fulfilling prophecies
Stress and lowered expectations accompanying negative stereotypes contribute to making stereotypical beliefs into reality
87
Discrimination
Unfair treatment of others based on their membership in a specific social group
88
Individual discrimination
One person behaves negatively toward another b/c of that person's membership in a specific social group or category
- eg. landlord refuses to rent house to women
89
Institutional discrimination
At the level of social institutions when they employ policies that differentiate between people based on social grouping
- eg. Religions bar women from becoming high-ranking members or leaders of the clergy
