Reliability and validity

Question 1

What is diagnostic reliability?

Answer 1

Whether a diagnosis of schizophrenia is repeatable

Question 2

What are the two types of diagnostic reliability?

Answer 2

Inter-rater and test-retest

Question 3

What is inter-rater reliability?

Answer 3

It refers to the extent to which two or more psychologists agree on a diagnosis of schizophrenia

Question 4

How is inter-rater reliability tested?

Answer 4

Using the kappa score (0=nothing, 1=perfect)

Question 5

What is the kappa score of schizophrenia?

Answer 5

0.46

Question 6

What type of differences are there in the diagnosis of schizophrenia?

Answer 6

Cultural

Question 7

What is validity?

Answer 7

Whether an observed effect is a genuine one

Question 8

What is gender bias within the diagnosis of schizophrenia?

Answer 8

When accuracy of diagnosis is dependent on someone’s gender

Question 9

Give 2 examples of gender bias in schizophrenia diagnosis.

Answer 9

Gender biased diagnostic criteria and stereotypical beliefs influencing clinicians judgements

Question 10

What do critics of the DSM argue?

Answer 10

That some diagnostic categories are biased towards pathologising one gender over the other

Question 11

What is symptom overlap?

Answer 11

The fact that symptoms of a disorder may not be unique to that disorder, making diagnosis difficult

Question 12

What is co-morbidity?

Answer 12

The extent that two or more conditions or disorders occur simultaneously in a patient

Question 13

In the study where British and American psychologists were asked to diagnose a patient, what percentage of the British psychologists diagnosed schizophrenia?

Answer 13

2%

Question 14

In the study where British and American psychologists were asked to diagnose a patient, what percentage of the Americans diagnosed schizophrenia?

Answer 14

69%

Question 15

What have psychologists argued that healthy adult behaviour is equated to in the US?

Answer 15

Healthy male behaviour

Question 16

Which 2 disorders does schizophrenia share many symptoms with?

Answer 16

Bipolar disorder and depression

Question 17

People with which disorder have more schizophrenic symptoms than people diagnosed with schizophrenia?

Answer 17

Dissociative identity disorder

Question 18

What percentage of schizophrenics also have depression?

Answer 18

50%

Question 19

What percentage of schizophrenics also have addiction problems?

Answer 19

47%

Question 20

What percentage of schizophrenics also have PTSD?

Answer 20

29%

Question 21

What are the 2 AO3 points for the reliability of schizophrenia?

Answer 21

1) Lack of inter-rater reliability
2) Rosenhan’s study showed issues with reliability

Question 22

What did one psychologist find the inter-rater reliability of schizophrenia to be?

Answer 22

0.11

Question 23

When 50 senior psychiatrists were asked to differentiate between ‘bizarre’ and ‘non-bizarre’ delusions, what was the inter-rater reliability?

Answer 23

0.4

Question 24

Where did Rosenhan send his pseudopatients?

Answer 24

Psychiatric hospitals

Question 25

What words did Rosenhan's pseudopatients report hearing?

Answer 25

Empty, thud and hollow

Question 26

After the publication of Rosenhan's study, what did he threaten to do?

Answer 26

Threatened to send out more pseudopatients

Question 27

What was the pseudopatient detection rate after Rosenhan threatened to send them?

Answer 27

21%

Question 28

What are the 2 AO3 points of validity of schizophrenia?

Answer 28

1) Research support for gender bias in diagnosis 2) Consequences of comorbidity

Question 29

In the study that supports the role of gender bias in diagnosis, how many psychiatrists were there?

Answer 29

290 male and female psychiatrists

Question 30

In the study that supports the role of gender bias in diagnosis, what were the psychiatrists asked to do?

Answer 30

Read 2 case studies of patients’ behaviour + diagnose them using diagnostic criteria

Question 31

In the study that supports the role of gender bias in diagnosis, what percentage of patients described as male or no gender were diagnosed as schizophrenic?

Answer 31

56%

Question 32

In the study that supports the role of gender bias in diagnosis, what percentage of patients described as female were diagnosed as schizophrenic?

Answer 32

20%

Question 33

In the study that supports the role of gender bias in diagnosis, which gender of psychiatrist were less likely to respond to gender bias?

Answer 33

Female psychiatrists

Question 34

In the study looking at the consequences of co-morbidity, how many discharge records were looked at?

Answer 34

6 million

Question 35

In the study looking at the consequences of co-morbidity, what did they find evidence of?

Answer 35

Many co-morbid, non-psychiatric diagnoses

Question 36

In the study looking at the consequences of co-morbidity, what were the 3 most common non-psychiatric diagnoses?

Answer 36

Asthma, type 2 diabetes and hypertension