Religion and Ethics keywords

Question 1

Natural Law-
what does Deontological mean?

Answer 1

form the latin for ‘duty’, ethics focused on the intrinsic rightness and wrongness of actions

Question 2

Natural Law-
what is Telos?

Answer 2

the end, or purose, of something

Question 3

Natural law-
What is Natural Law?

Answer 3

a deontological theory based on behaviour that accords with given laws or moral rules (e.g.- given by God) that exist independantly of human societies and systems

Question 4

Natural law-
What is Synderisis?

Answer 4

to follow the good and avoid the evil, the rule which all precepts follow

Question 5

Natural law-
What are secondary precepts?

Answer 5

the laws which follow from primary precepts

Question 6

Natural law-
What are primary precepts?

Answer 6

the most important rules in life which are: to protect life, to reproduce, to live in community, to teach the young and to believe God

Question 7

Natural law-
What is Practical Reason?

Answer 7

the tool which makes moral decisions

Question 8

Natural law-
What is Eudaimonia?

Answer 8

living well, as an ultimate end in life which all other actions should lead towards.

Question 9

Sit ethics-
What is Justice? in terms of Situation Ethics

Answer 9

justice ordinarily refers to notions of fair distribution of benefits for all. Fletcher specifically sees justice as a kind of tough love; love applied to the world.

Question 10

Sit ethics-
What is pragmatism?

Answer 10

acting, in moral situations, in a way that is practical, rather than pure ideologically.

Question 11

Sit ethics-
What is relativism?

Answer 11

the rejection of absoloute moral standards, such as laws or rights. Good and bad are realative to an indiivdual or a commuinity or, in Fletcher’s case, to love.

Question 12

Sit ethics-
What is positivism?

Answer 12

proposes something as true or good without demonstrating it. Fletcher positis love as good.

Question 13

Sit ethics-
What is personalism?

Answer 13

ethics centered on people, rather than laws or objects.

Question 14

Sit ethics-
What is conscience?

Answer 14

may be refered to as a faculty within us, described by Fletcher as a function instead of a faculty

Question 15

Sit ethics-
What is telological ethics?

Answer 15

moral goodness is determined by the end or the result

Question 16

Sit ethics-
What is legalistic ethics?

Answer 16

law-based moral decision-making

Question 17

Sit ethics-
What is antimonian ethics?

Answer 17

antimonian ethics do not recognise the role of law in morality (‘nomos’ is greek for ‘law’)

Question 18

Sit ethics-
what is situational ethics?

Answer 18

another term for situation ethics, ethics focused on the situation, rather than fixed rules

Question 19

Sit ethics-
what is agape love?

Answer 19

uncondtional love, the only ethcial norm is situationalism

Question 20

Sit ethics-
what is extrinsically good?

Answer 20

good defined with reference to the end rather than good in and of itself. Fletcher argued only love was intrinsically good.

Question 21

Utilitarianism-
What is the principle of Utility?

Answer 21

the idea that the choice that brings about the greatest good for the greatest number is the right choice

Question 22

Utilitarianism-
What is deontological?

Answer 22

from the latin for ‘duty’, ethics focused on the intrinsic rightness or wrongness of actions

Question 23

Utilitarianism-
What is Telological?

Answer 23

looking to the end results (telos) in order to draw a conclusion about what is right or wrong

Question 24

Utilitarianism-
What is the Headonic Calculs?

Answer 24

tehsystem for calculating the amount of pain or pleasure generated

Question 25

Utilitarianism- What is concsequentialism?

Answer 25

ethical theories that see morlaity driven by the consequences, rather than actions or character of those concerned

Question 26

Utilitarianism- What is Hedonistic?

Answer 26

pleasure-driven

Question 27

Utilitarianism- What is Quantitive?

Answer 27

focused on quantity (how many, how big, etc.)

Question 28

Utilitarianism- What is Qualitive?

Answer 28

focused on Quality (what kind of thing)

Question 29

Utilitarianism- What is Act Utilitarianism?

Answer 29

weighs up what to do at each individual occasion, usually associated with Jeremy Bentham.

Question 30

Utilitarianism- What is Rule Utilitarianism?

Answer 30

weighs up what to do in principle in all occasions of a certain kind, usually associated with John Stuart Mill.

Question 31

Kantian- What is Moral Law?

Answer 31

binding moral obligations

Question 32

Kantian- What is Maxims

Answer 32

another word for moral rules, determined by reason.

Question 33

Kantian- What is duty?

Answer 33

duties are created by the moral law, to follow it is our duty. The world deontological means duty-based.

Question 34

Kantian- What is summum bonum?

Answer 34

the highest, most supreme good

Question 35

Kantian- What is Good will?

Answer 35

a person of good will is a person who makes decisions according to the moral law

Question 36

Kantian- What is the Categorical Imperative?

Answer 36

an unconditional moral obligation that is always binding irrespective of a person’s inclination or purpose.

Question 37

Kantian- what is the Hypothetical Imperative?

Answer 37

a moral obligation that applies only if one desires the implied goal

Question 38

Kantian- What is the Kingdom of ends?

Answer 38

an imagined future in which all people act in accordance to the moral law, the categorical imperative

Question 39

Euthanasia- What is a Non Treatment Decision?

Answer 39

The decision medical professionals make to withold or withdraw medical treatment or life support that is keeping a person alive because they are not going to get better, or because the person asks them to. Controversially, it is also sometimes called passive euthanasia.

Question 40

Euthanasia- What is active euthanasia?

Answer 40

A deliberate action performed by a third party to kill a person, for example, by lethal injection. Active Euthanasia is illegal in the UK.

Question 41

Euthanasia- What is sanctity of life?

Answer 41

The idea that life is intrinsically sacred or has such worth that it is not considered within the power of a human beings.

Question 42

Euthanasia- What is quality of life?

Answer 42

A way of weighing the extrinsic expeirence of life, that affects or justifies whether or not it is worth continuing life

Question 43

Euthanasia- What is personhood?

Answer 43

The quality of human life that makes it worthy- usually linked to certain higher capacities.

Question 44

Euthanasia- What is autonomy and the right to die?

Answer 44

The idea that human freedom should extend to decide the time and manner of death

Question 45

Euthanasia- What is voluntary euthanasia?

Answer 45

This applies when a person's life is ended painlessly by a third party at their own request

Question 46

Euthanasia- What is non-voluntary euthanasia?

Answer 46

This applies when a person is unable to express their wish to die but there are reasonable grounds for ending their life painlessly, for example, it a person cannot communicate but is in extreme pain.

Question 47

Euthanasia- What is dignity?

Answer 47

The worth or quality of life, which can be linked to a sanctity or freedom

Question 48

Euthanasia- What is palliative care?

Answer 48

End-of-life care to make the person's remaining moments of life as comfortable as possible.

Question 49

Euthanasia- What is involuntary euthanasia?

Answer 49

Where a person is killed against their wishes, for example when disabled people were killed by Nazi doctors.

Question 50

Business ethics- What is capitalism?

Answer 50

An economic system based on the private ownership of how thigns are made and sold, in which businesses compete freely with each other to make profits.

Question 51

Business ethics- What is a shareholder?

Answer 51

A person who has invested money in a business in return for a share of the profits

Question 52

Business ethics- What is corporate social responsability?

Answer 52

A sense that businesses have wider responsabilities than simply their shareholders, including the communities they live and work in and to the environment

Question 53

Business ethics- What is whistle-blowing?

Answer 53

When an employee discloses wrongdoing to the employer or the public

Question 54

Business ethics- What is globalisation?

Answer 54

The integration of economies, industries, markets, cultures and policymaking around the world

Question 55

Business ethics- What is a stakeholder?

Answer 55

A person who is affected or involved in some form of relationship with a business

Question 56

Business ethics- What is consumerism?

Answer 56

A set of social beliefs that put a high value on acquiring matieral things