Religious changes Flashcards
(24 cards)
What was the nature of religious policy under Somerset?
- Somerset had little interest in theology and favoured a cautious approach towards reform
- Privy council was majority reformers - however it introduce moderate reforms (opposed by both conservatives and reformers)
What was the nature of religious policy under Northumberland?
- Religious reforms were more radical under Northumberland than Somerset
- Conservatives were driven out and active reformers were appointed as Bishops
What were the book of Homilies (1547)?
Model sermons developing the reformed doctrines of the Church of England in greater depth - in every church in England by the end of 1549
What were the royal injunctions (1547)?
Ordered all Bishops to instruct all clergy for services to be in English, remove superstitious images & all ensure parishes had an English Bible
What was Repeal of the Six Articles (1547)?
Undoes some of the main catholic practices from the six articles of Henry VIII
What was the First Prayer Book (1549)?
Introduced by Cranmer: outlined Protestant liturgy for services
What was the Act of Uniformity (1549)?
Made the Prayer Book officials marking a step towards the official introduction of Protestant doctrine and practice into England and Wales
What was the Second Prayer Book (1552)?
Highly protestant – got rid of last traces of Catholicism
What were the 42 articles (1553)?
Endorsed justification by faith alone and the primacy of scripture, while repudiating transubstantiation and purgatory
What policies were introduced by the First Prayer Book?
- No prayers for the dead
- Worship of saints discouraged (not banned)
- Transubstantiation
- Fast and holy days remained
What policies were issued by the Second Prayer Book (1552)?
- The Eucharist was about ‘spiritual presence’ (Calvin’s idea)
- Traditional robes not to be worn
- Altars replaced by Communion tables
- The sign of the cross was abolished in confirmation services
What other religious legislation was passed under E6?
- Dissolution of the Chantries
-Removal of images (1548)
- Replacement of Altars (Nov 1550)
- Second Act of Uniformity
What evidence is there of E6’s influence on religious policy?
- He was involved in Parliamentary legislation behind the Second Act of Uniformity
- He was determined to make everyone attend Protestant services & was personally involved in the persecution of Mary
- The decisive shift in policy came in 1550-1551 when Edward began to attend Privy Council meetings
What opposition was there to religious policy under E6?
- There was a lack of opposition to Edward’s religious policies and he did not use persecution
- The only serious resistance was the Western rebellion
- The only 2 high profile opponents in the government: Bishop Stephen Gardiner & Edmund Bonner
How Protestant was England by 1553?
- Progression compared to by 1547
- Imposing changes not easy: struggled to remove images
- Many people accepted changes but were not necessarily committed to them
What were Mary’s aims in religious policy?
- Restore papal authority & traditional Catholic practices + beliefs
- Re-establish religious houses that had been dissolved
End clerical marriage and restore the status of priest
What was the First Act of Repeal (Oct 1553)?
Removed all religious legislation from Edward’s reign - resulted in no public outcry
What were the Royal injunctions (March 1554)?
Forced all married clergy to give up their wives
What was the Second Act of Repeal (November 1554)?
Continued to reverse Edwardian changes & reinstated the Pope as Head of the Church
What were the Twelve decrees (1555)?
Decreed the setting up of seminaries to train priests
How significant was religious persecution under Mary?
- Heresy laws (1554) allowed the execution of heretics: its first victim burnt live at the steak (4/02/1555)
- Ridley and Latimer were executed at Oxford (October 1555) & Cranmer (March 1556)
- Burnings got more severe after the appointment of Cardinal Reginald Pole as Archbishop of Canterbury*
What opposition was there to religious policy under Mary?
- Public burnings made the victims martyrs
- Protestant spread anti-catholic propaganda while in exile
- Many local authorities ignored, or tried to avoid enforcing, the unpopular legislation
What attempts were made by Reginald Pole to strengthen the Marian Church?
- Reduction in Church revenues meant there were not enough resources to reorganise the Marian church effectively
- Pope Paul IV disliked Pole and the Spanish & stripped him of his title of papal legate
- Twelve Decrees included the establishment of seminaries, but shortage of money limited their creation to just one diocese (York)
What geographical variations were there in religion under Mary & E6?
- London and other southeastern such as East Anglia areas were Protestant strongholds
- Northern England was more Catholic - strongholds in Yorkshire & Lancashire
