religon and language

Question 1

what is polytheism religon

Answer 1

a religion belief in multiple gods (ex: Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Confucianism, Taoism usually followed in ASIA)

Question 2

what is a monotheism religion

Answer 2

a religion belief in only ONE GOD (ex: Islam, Judaism, Christianity usually followed in ISRAEL)

Question 3

what is Secularism and where is it followed

Answer 3

system where religion is kept separated from government, education ,and the public life. antireligons (for ex: United States, South Korea, India, Mexico, France, and Turkey)

Question 4

what are Universalizing Religons? How is it spread?

Answer 4

A religon that a religion tries to attract all over the world, no matter the culture of location. (For example: Christianity, ISlam and Buddhism)
usually attracted through missionaries, inclusive messages like improving inequality, adapting to cultures, offering benefits, building strong communities)

Question 5

what are Ethnic Religions?

Answer 5

Religions closely tied to a specific group or geographic location (for example; Hinduism, Judaism, Shintoism)

Question 6

isogloss

Answer 6

A map that states how language change over space (like an isotherm map)

Question 7

what is a Language Classification

Answer 7

is the way languages are group based on their similarities and shared history. it is organized into family trees. ( the stem to branches)

1. language families: roots of the trees, biggest group of related language (ex: English, Spanish, Hindi)
2. language branches: within a family there are smaller “branches” of languages that are more closely related (English on Germanic branch, while Spanish is on Romance Branch)
3. language groups: on each branch, there are smaller groups of very closely related languages (English, German, and Dutch are in the West Germanic group)

Question 8

why is secularism followed?

Answer 8

followed because everyone can be treated fairly, freedom, peace, focus on public needs, modern world

Question 8

what are the characteristics of universilizing religion vs ethnic Religons

Answer 8

Universilizing religions aim to attract followers from all over the world, regardless of culture through missionaries, etc
Ethnic Religons are tied to a specific ethnic group or religion and they do NOT spread unlike universalizing. often tied to sacred places (for ex Jewish, scared churches in syosset)

Question 9

what made secularism increase?

Answer 9

Secularismm spread because of explanation through science, philosophies, separation of churches to state, urbanization

Question 10

what is an urbanization

Answer 10

urbanization is when a person moves from cities to where they work

Question 11

what are the most popular religions practiced in the world and where are they practiced in?

Answer 11

christianity (practiced in North America, South America, Europe, Austrailia basically worldwide)

Islam (mostly practiced in Indonesia, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India, majority in south Asia)

unaffiliated (mostly practiced in Europe, North America, Asia Pacific)

Hinduism (mostly practiced in India, Nepal, and Maurtius)

Buddhism (Mostly followed in Asia such as Bhutan, Taiwanese, Japanese, Chinese, Cambodia, Thailand, Mongolia, laos)

Question 12

Where did the world’s major religions originate, and how did they diffuse?

Answer 12

Christianity - Originiated in Judea/Juresalem and diffused through relocation diffusion (missionaries), roman emporers adopting the religion and growing, europeans spreading Christianity to the world AKA universalizing religion

Islamic - Originiated in Mecca in the 7th century CE and diffused through spread from trading

Buddhism - originiated in Northern India (modern day Nepal) spread through trading routes such as the Siolk Road, spread throughout Asia (relocation diffusion)

Hinduism - Originiated at the iNdus river valley spreaded throughout south Asia from laborers

Judaism - Started in Israel and Plaestine over 4000 years ago
spread from diaspora

Question 13

What is diaspora and why does it happen?

Answer 13

When a group of people from their homeland scatters throughout the whole world
Why?
because migration, conflict, persecution, trading, or opportunities

Question 14

What do fundamentalists think of the rise of secularism?

Answer 14

They see secularism as a threat to their religions, beliefs, traditions because it can weaken the tradition, go against their religious teachings

Question 15

what are syncretic religions?

Answer 15

key word: SYNC
the combination of rituals, teachings, and religious laws from multiple different religions (including elements of myths, practices, etc)

Question 16

what are some examples of syncretic religions?

Answer 16

Voodoo: African + Catholiscm

Sikhism: Combines Indian Hinduism + Islamic

Santeria: Merges with Yoruba (African) + Catholism

Shinto -Buddhism - Japanese Shintoism + Buddhism from China

Islamic + Hinduism = Buddhism

Question 17

What are ways that religion is seen in the cultural landscapes?

Answer 17

Through architecture, sacred sites, Burial/cremation, Toponym

Question 18

How is religion seen in cultural landscapes?

Answer 18

Religion influences its cultural landscape through architecture, sacred sites, Burial/cremation pratcies, and toponyms

1. in architecture, there are religous structure incorporated for example (Christian churches with steeples, Islamic mosques include minarets building and domes, Buddhism with stupas deisgned for mediation)
2. in sacred sites, religions create pilgrim sites
3. cemeteries can vary in design for example gravestones, family plots, etc. where its placed) Hinduism often practices cremation in rivers

Question 19

what are toponyms

Answer 19

toponyms are the study of a place name

Question 20

how can religion affect toponyms?

Answer 20

religion influences the place names reflecting on the history of a religion

for example:
St Louis: named after saint Louis, catholic king of France

Question 21

what role does religion play in the conflicts of space/territory

Answer 21

-conflicts can arise when multiple religious groups claim the same territory as holy/essential, religious

-nationalism (when a specific religion is tied to the identity of a nation leading to disagreements between different countries or ethnic groups

-relgiosu groups seek to spread their faith which can lead to tensions

-general religious divisions

Question 22

what is interfaith conflict?

Answer 22

when people from different religions fight because of their differences in beliefs, practices, or values. through disagreements

ex: fight over a sacred sites

Question 23

what is INTRAfaith conflict?

Answer 23

When people within the same religion disagree or fight with each other over different practices, beliefs, or interpretations of teachings

Question 24

can you give me examples of interfaith conflict?

Answer 24

Israel Palestine conflict: religious fights between the Jewish and the Muslims over the city of jerusalem (sacred to both Religons) The crusades: series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims in the middle ages for control over Jerusalem and other holy sites inda-pakistan conflict: the conflict between Hinduism's and Muslims becaause both religions have different wants of different territories like Kashmir

Question 25

give me examples of intrafatih conflict?

Answer 25

sunni and shia conflict: conflict between Islam and sunni Muslims because of disagreements over leadership following the death of prophet Muhammad protestants vs Catholics: conflict between protestors and Catholics (both are Christian) but with different beliefs about the authority of the pope and other religious practices

Question 26

can you explain what fundamentalism is

Answer 26

the practices/beliefs of a religion

Question 27

what is extremism?

Answer 27

hardheaded people who hold very strong beliefs in religion, politics, or social issues unwilling to accept other viewpoints

Question 28

what are the major language families and where are they usually spoken?

Answer 28

1. indo European - includes languages spoken in Europe, parts of Asia, and the Americas 2. Sino-Tibetan: Spoken in east Asia, southeast Asia, parts of south Asia 3. Afro- Asiatic: found mainly in North Africa, the horn of Africa, and parts of the middle east 4. niger-congo: primarily spoken in sub-saharan Africa 5. Austronesian: spoken in south east Asia, Pacific island, and madagascar

Question 29

what are dialects

Answer 29

a version of a language spoken by people in a specific place or group having different words, pronunciations

Question 30

what languages do indo Europeans speak?

Answer 30

English, Spanish, French, hini, Russian, German, Italian

Question 31

what languages do sino-tebtans speak?

Answer 31

Mandarin, Chinese, Cantonese, TIbetan, Burmese

Question 32

what language do afro-asiatic speak?

Answer 32

Arabic, Herbrew, Somali

Question 33

what language do Austronesians speak?

Answer 33

Tagalog (Filipino), Javanese, Malaysian, Hawaiian

Question 34

what are some examples of dialects?

Answer 34

people in australia say: flat people in the US say: apartment people in Australia say: lift people in the US say: elevator

Question 35

can you explain what are accents?

Answer 35

the way people pronounce a certain word varying based on cultural background

Question 36

what is a sound shift?

Answer 36

when the way people pronounce word changes over time . happen from certain sounds in a langauge, making them sound different then how they use to be (ex: telephone theory)

Question 37

what are deep rescontructions?

Answer 37

a method used to figure out how ancient languages or words might have sounded like (for ex: comparing different indo European languages, guessing the words and sounds that existed in the past)

Question 38

what is language divergence?

Answer 38

when a language breaks down into different languages over time (when groups of people who speak the same language become isolated they live in different places and develop their own way of speaking that languages) ex: latin to romance, old English to modern english,

Question 39

what is language CONVERGENCE?

Answer 39

when two or more languages come together to result in a new language ex: spanglish, creole, pidgin

Question 40

what is pidgin vs creole

Answer 40

pidgin is a simplified version of a language with no rules helpful with languages barriers during trading used to communicate (no rules or ways to form sentences) creole is another language that is formed from two other languages, becomes the primary language of an area

Question 41

what are conquest vs agricultural theories?

Answer 41

conquest theory: theory that when one group of people conquer another, the dominant group's language replaces or influences the language of the people that were conquered agricultural theories: theory that languages spread through influence of culture, trade, and social interaction emphasizing cultural exchange (ex: the spread of Arabic across parts of north Africa and the middle east)

Question 42

what in the world is a lingua franca?

Answer 42

a language that people who speak different native languages use to communicate usually for business (usually English or Swahili)

Question 43

why do people speak lingua franca?

Answer 43

for more job opportunities

Question 44

why is English used as lingua franca?

Answer 44

-The British empire conquering -social media impact -american running ww2

Question 45

what is the impact of globalization and technology

Answer 45

technology: 1. technology made it easier for communication and for people to learn and use diff languages 2. new forms of communications (LOL, BRB) slangs 3. connected people worldwide allowing communities to form online globalization: 1. lead to the mixing of cultures through media, trade, and traveling 2. businesses, entertainment and education use English and spanish as dominant languages 3. made it easier for people to move and walk around the world leading to the rise of people speaking multiple different languages

Question 46

what is globalization?

Answer 46

globalization connects people from all over the world, making English more popular leading to smaller languages disappearing or changing

Question 47

what are some monolingual state examples

Answer 47

40-50% of the population is monolingual such as Korea, China, Japan

Question 48

what are multilingual state examples

Answer 48

43% of the population is multilingual German, France, United States of America

Question 49

how can regionalism contribute to multilingual and monolingual states?

Answer 49

in monolingual states, one language is dominant and most people speak the same language, regionalism can increase with certain regions that have the same cultural identities

Question 50

what is an official language?

Question 51

what are the benefits and drawbacks of an official language

Answer 51

benefits: protects the language from extinctions, make communication easier and faster, improves nationals drawbacks:

Question 52

Stewart's classification

Answer 52

1. dialect continuum: languages or dialects that are spoken in regions that are geographically close to each other gradually combine 2. dialects: variations of languages spoken in different regions or by different social groups

Question 53

language endangerment and extinction causes

Answer 53

1. globalization - as people come together, people often choose to speak more dominant languages like English, Spanish, or Mandarin shifting away from local languages 2. cultural assimilation - when smaller groups turn into larger groups, more powerful culture,s they may want to adopt the dominant culture and language 3.economic pressure - people may abandon their native language for economic opportunities 4. political policies - governments may want another language spoken over others

Question 54

what is cultural assimilation

Answer 54

smaller groups that go into larger groups, usually adopting the bigger cultures languages and customs