Remember me! Flashcards

1
Q

Name three erosive diseases of cattle

A

Bovine virus diarrhoea virus

Malignant catarrhal fever

Rinderpest

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2
Q

Describe the pathology of malignant catarrhal fever

A
  • generalised disease, invariably fatal
  • erosive lesions of GIT
  • respiratory lesions
  • mucopurulent naso-occular discharge
  • lymphoproliferation and lymphocyte infiltration
  • vasculitis
  • corneal opacity
  • neurological sins
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3
Q

Describe the epidemiology of malignant catarrhal fever

A

Carried asymptomatically by wildebeast and sheep

Sporadic transmission to cattle, deer via contact or infected pastures

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4
Q

Describe the diagnosis of malignant catarrhal fever

A

PCR

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5
Q

Describe the control of malignant catarrhal fever

A

No vaccine available

Control contact with wildbeast/sheep/infected pasture?

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6
Q

Describe the pathology of virus diarrhoea syndrome

A

Mild GIT erosions

diarrhoea

immunosuppression

respiratory disease

May be mild or subclinical

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7
Q

Describe the pathology of reproductive syndrome caused by bovine virus diarrhoea virus

A

Reproductive problems in naive dams infected with cytopathic or non-pathogenic strains

embryonic death, abortion, calves with cerebellar hypoplasia

+/- Bovine virus diarrhoea

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8
Q

Describe the pathology of mucosal disease

A

Severe erosion of the GIT and digits

Depression, fever, profuse diarrhoea

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9
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of bovine virus diarrhoea virus when infecting foetuses at varying stages of gestation

A

If infected at (day) of gestation

Day 0-40: embryonic loss

Day 40-120: Persistently infected, immunotolerent calf (Ag +ve, AB -ve) -> Mucosal disease 6-18mo

Day 90- 160: Congenital abnormalities (Ag, AB variable)

Day 140-280: clinically normal, or small weak calf (Ag -ve, AB +ve)

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10
Q

Describe the diagnosis of Bovine virus diarrhoea virus

A

Serological or molecular testing

antigen tests / PCR

skin (e.g ear notch) or blood samples

Mucosal disease: Ag +ve, Ab -ve

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11
Q

Which family does malignant catarrhal fever belong to?

A

Herpesvirus

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12
Q

Which family does bovine virus diarrhoea virus belong to?

A

Flavivirus (Pestivirus)

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13
Q

Which family does rinderpest belong to?

A

Paramyxovirus

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14
Q

Describe the epidemiology of rinderpest

A

severe disease, high incidence, high case fatality in cattle

Mild disease in cattle, buffalo, game animals, sheep, goats

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15
Q

Describe the pathology of rinderpest

A

inflammation, haemorrhage, erosions, necorsis of digestive mucosal membranes, diarrhoea, death

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16
Q

List the vesicular diseases of pigs

A

Foot and mouth disease

Swine vesicular disease

Vesicular exanthema

Vesicular stomatitis

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17
Q

What family does vesicular stomiatitis belong to?

A

Rhabdovirus

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18
Q

Describe the pathology of vesicular stomatitis virus

A

Similar to FMD: causes vescicular lesions on mouth, snout, feet; rupture to leave ulcerative areas

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19
Q

Describe the host range of vesicular stomatitis

A

pigs, horses, cattle, zoonotic

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20
Q

Describe the transmission of vesicular stomatitis virus

A

Arthropod vectors (probably mechanical)

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21
Q

Write brief notes on vesicular exanthema

A

Disease seen in pigs in USA between 1932-1956 (now eradicted)

Vesicular disease, similar to FMD

Same as San Miguel sea lion virus

Probably resulted from feeding pigs marine mammals

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22
Q

Which family does vesicular exanthema belong to?

A

Calcivirus

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23
Q

Which family does foot and mouth disease belong to?

A

Picornavirus (Apthovirus)

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24
Q

Describe the host range of foot and mouth disease

A

Cloven-hoofed animals including cattle, deer, sheep, goats, pigs

rarely, humans

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25
Describe pathology of foot and mouth disease
Cows, pigs: fever, depression, loss of production vesicles on tongue, gums, snout, feet, teats Sheep and goats with mild or subclincal infections
26
Discuss the economic factors involved in foot and mouth disease
Loss of production, but less significant in endemic areas Significant impacts on international trade
27
Discuss transmission of foot and mouth disease
- short incubation period - high concentrations of virus shed in aerosols, esp. pigs; can be transmitted long distances on wind; - infection via respiratory route - virus can be shed before clinical signs observed - small infectious dose
28
Is foot and mouth disease a good candidate for eradication? Why/why not?
- large amounts of virus shed into environment, can travel long distances on wind - can be shed before clinical signs observed - rapid replication cycle (short incubation period) - small infective dose - many serotypes & subtypes, short-lived immunity -\> vaccination problems - extremely resistant in environment at neutral pH (resistant to detergents and dessication)
29
Discuss the serotypes of foot and mouth disease
- 7 serotypes: A, O, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, Asia1 - Many subtypes per serotype (\> 80 total) - Immunity to one serotype does not protect against others - Immunity to one subtype may or may not protect against others - Need correct subtype in inactivated vaccines to protect against local strains - short-lived immunity, boosters required /6m
30
Describe the control of foot and mouth disease in exotic countries
- strict control for importation of animal products/swill feeding to pigs - strict quarantine measures - slaughter of affected animals - +/- ring vaccination - alert authorities if suspect vesicular disease - monitoring/surveillence
31
Describe the host range of swine vesicular disease
Pigs only
32
Describe the pathology of swine vesicular disease
foot lesions; snout lesions uncommon
33
Which family does swine vesicular disease belong to?
Picornavirus
34
Are herpesviruses good candidates for eradication? Why/why not?
Yes - can screen population using antibody detection tests (relatively cheap) - remove carriers (AB+) - fragile virus with no long-term environmental reservoirs
35
Which family does feline rhinotracheitis virus belong to?
Herpeviridae | (Feline herpesvirus 1)
36
Describe the pathology of feline rhinotracheitis virus
upper respiratory tract disease responsible for 40% of cat flu rhinitis oculo-nasal discharge inappetance confjunctivitis keratatis +/- secondary bacterial pneumonia generalised disease in neonates
37
Describe the control of feline rhinotracheitis virus
Live attenuated vaccine not 100% protective
38
Describe the treatment of feline rhinotracheitis virus
management of clincal signs reduce stress prevent/treat secondary bacterial infections nucleotide analogues (famcyclovir)
39
Compare and contrast vesicular diseases
EDIT: SVD via oral route or broken skin direct contact or ingestion (e.g. of contaminated pork products)
41
Describe the pathology of feline calcivirus
Upper respiratory tract infection (rhinitis, fever, conjunctivitis) ulcerative glossitis Sometimes pneumonia and death, esp. kittens Some virulent strains cause systemic infections with facial and limb oedema, alopecia, and ulceration of feet (rare)
42
List the pathogens involved in cat flu
Feline calcivirus (40%) Feline herpesvirus (40%) Chlamydia (20%)
43
Is feline calcivirus a good candidate for eradication? Why/why not?
No - Many serotypes, leading to vaccination failure - Shed from oropharynx for \>1y after recovery (carrier animals) - Resistant in environment
44
Describe the control of feline calicvirus
Attenuated vaccines available, but vaccination failures not uncommon (many serotypes)
45
Describe the pathology of bovine coronavirus
Neonatal diarrhoea \< 3w.o Winter dysentery and respiratory disease in cows
46
Describe the control of bovine coronavirus
Neonatal calves most at risk -\> vaccinate dams, ensure sufficient colostrum intake
47
List two viruses that might cause diarrhoea in calves
Bovine virus diarrhoea virus Bovine coronavirus
48
Name the three genera of Reoviruses
Orthoreovirus Orbivirus Rotavirus
49
What family does bluetongue belong to?
Reovirus (Orbivirus)
50
Describe transmission of bluetongue
arbovirus (biological transmission by Culicoides) Multifactorial: age, stress, rough terrain; sheep vs cattle proportions (preferred host = cattle) Non-contagious between sheep; severity depends on strain of virus and breed of sheep Cattle important amplifying hosts (viremia ~4 months)
51
Describe the pathology of bluetongue in sheep
Can be prolonged, progressive disease Variability in clinical signs - catarrhal (mm) inflammation of digestive and respiratory tracts with erosions) - fever, swollen lymph nodes - mucopurulent nasal discharge; swelling of nose and mouth - damage to small blood vessels - odema, cyanosis, haemorrhage - distension of tongue - coronitis (hyperaemia, red-\>purple swelling of coronary band) - muscle degeneration, loss of condition, emaciation - congenital abnormalities - Postmortem: yellow/gelatinous/haemorrhagic SQ, thoracic, abdominal oedema -
52
Describe the pathology of bluetongue in cattle
Usually asymptomatic or mild disease congenital defects from in utero infection
53
Describe some of the major attributes of bluetongue
arbovirus \>20 serotypes, not cross protective 11 strains present in Aus; mostly low virulence; this may be changed with changing climactic factors and spread of cattle into sheep areas
54
Discuss the control of bluetongue
Live attenuated or killed vaccines used in some countries (need to know local serotype of prevelance) Attenuated viruses can cause congenital defects Concerns about genetic reassortment of vaccine and field strains (killed vaccines may be safer, but less effective)
55
Describe the pathology of Newcastle disease
severe, generalised disease (sometimes confused with fowl plague) in chickens, turkeys, pigeons, parrots, +/- other avians respiratory, intestinal, nervous signs haemorrhagic enteritis and tracheitis, encephalitis, hepatic necrosis and haemorrhage
56
What family does Newcastle disease belong to?
Paramyxovirus (Morbillivirus)
57
Describe the subcategories of newcastle disease
Only one serotype, BUT Lentogenic: can only replicate in epithelial cell, no disease Mesogenic: moderate disease Velogenic: can replicate in many cell types - severe disease, high case fatality, highly virulent. Varies by 2 amino acids from lentogenic strain --- Viscerotropic: prediliction for GIT Pneumotropic: prediliction for resp. tract
58
Describe control of Newcastle disease
In endemic countries, vaccination with lentogenic strain (selected for heat stability) In exotic locations, slaughter
59
Describe control of Newcastle disease
In endemic countries, vaccination with lentogenic strain (selected for heat stability) In exotic locations, slaughter
60
Describe the subcategories of newcastle disease
Only one serotype, BUT Lentogenic: can only replicate in epithelial cell, no disease Mesogenic: moderate disease Velogenic: can replicate in many cell types - severe disease, high case fatality, highly virulent. Varies by 2 amino acids from lentogenic strain --- Viscerotropic: prediliction for GIT Pneumotropic: prediliction for resp. tract
61
What family does Newcastle disease belong to?
Paramyxovirus (Morbillivirus)
62
Describe the pathology of Newcastle disease
severe, generalised disease (sometimes confused with fowl plague) in chickens, turkeys, pigeons, parrots, +/- other avians respiratory, intestinal, nervous signs haemorrhagic enteritis and tracheitis, encephalitis, hepatic necrosis and haemorrhage
63
Describe the pathology of Fowl Plague
respiratory distress, cyanosis, nervous signs, diarrhoea, haemorrhage, rapid death
64
Name two diseases that can cause systemic disease and high mortality in birds
Fowl plague Newcastle disease
65
List two diseases that could cause upper respiratory tract disease in horses
Equine rhinopneumatitis virus (EHV4) Equine influenza (H7N7, H3N8)
66
List two diseases that can cause immunosuppression in cats
Feline leukaemia virus (oncovirus) Feline immunodeficiency virus (lentivirus)
67
Which family does feline leukaemia virus belong to?
Retrovirus (oncovirus)
68
Discuss the prognosis of feline leukaemia virus
Depends on age and dose Older cats: usually clear infection (immune response) Young cats: persistent viremea, development of clinical signs, Px 2-3 years
69
Discuss the pathology of feline leukaemia virus
Older cats: clinically unaffected Persistently viremic (esp young) cats: (**FeLV-A + ...**) * *FeLV-B** - lymphoid and myeloid leukaemia - lymphosarcoma * *FeLV-C** - bone marrow aplasia and anaemia * *FeLV-T** - immunosuppression less commonly, - reproductive failure - glomerulonephritis - osteosclerosis (abnormal hardening of bone)
70
Discuss the transmission of feline leukaemia virus
Shed in saliva and other excretions/secretions Infection by prolonged close contact (e.g. sharing bowls, mutual grooming), via ingestion Prevalence highest in multi-cat households and catteries
71
Describe diagnosis of feline leukaemia virus
Detection of FeLV antigen Immunofluoresence, ELISA, rapid antigen detection tests
72
Describe control of feline leukaemia virus
Recombinant vaccine Cats should be tested to ensure antibody-negative prior to vaccination Test & remove effective in catteries
73
Describe the pathology of feline immunodeficiency virus
immunosuppression, opportunisitic infections anaemia lymphadenopathy lethargy febrile episdes
74
Describe the prevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus
transmitted via biting/fighting
75
Describe control of feline immunodeficiency virus
Killed vaccine Keeping cats indoors
76
Describe diagnosis of feline immunodeficiency virus
detection of antibodies in serum vaccine causes AB+ response, PCR for detection of pro-virus-DNA in blood samples now available
77
Describe the prognosis of feline immunodeficiency virus
Many cats live long lives Only a small percentage develop AIDS (poor prognosis)
78
List viruses that are transmitted mechanically by arthropods
Myxoma Fowlpox Equine infectious anaemia
79
List arboviruses
Togaviruses: Eastern, western, venezualan equine encephalitis Flaviruses: Japanese B encephalitis, Murray Valley encephalitis, Dengue, West Nile virus, West-Nile Kunjin virus Asfarvirus: African swine fever virus Rhabdovirus: Bovine ephemeral fever