Remote Connectivity

Question 1

Modualtion Techniques

Answer 1

The Various multiplexing and demultiplexing technologies and protocols, both analog and digital, are collectiely referred to as modualtion techniques.

Modualtion more technically means converting a digital signal to analog or pushing an analog signal to a higher frequency.

Question 2

FDM

Answer 2

Frequency Division Multiplexing – A process of keeping individual phone calls separate by adding a defferent frequency multiplier to each phone call, making it possible to separate phone calls by their unique frequency range.

Question 3

DS0

Answer 3

64 kbs. The simplest and slowest data steam of the digital part of the phone system.

Question 4

DS1

Answer 4

Each DS1 frame has 25 pieces: A framing bit and 24 channels. Each DS1 channel holds a single 8-bit DS0 data sample. The framing bit and data channels combine to make 193 bits per DS1 frame, tansmitted 8000 time/sec, yealding 1.544 Mbps, split into 24 64-Kbps DS0 channels.

Question 5

T1

Answer 5

uses RJ-48C connector.

Uses a DS1 signal

Is point to point; at either end of a T1 line is a CSU/DSU Channel Service Unit/Digital Servce Unit.

Question 6

T3/DS3

Answer 6

44.736 Mbps

Consists of 672 DS0 lines

Question 7

E1 and SONET use a derivitive of ______ as the control channel

Answer 7

HDLC – High Level Data Link Control Protocol

Question 8

E1 Line

Answer 8

E1 line carries signals at 2.048 Mbps

32 channels at 64 Kbps

Question 9

E3 Line

Answer 9

Carries 16 E1 lines, with a bandwidth of about 34 Mbps (34.368 Mbps)

Question 10

OC-1

Answer 10

51.85 Mbps

Question 11

Packet Switch

Answer 11

Machines that froward and store packets using any type of packet-switching protocol.

Frame Relay and ATM – old, but on the exam

MPLS – Multiprotocol Lable Switching replacement for Frame Relay and ATM

Current networks use packet switching. Ancient networks use circuit switching.

Question 12

BERT

Answer 12

Bit Error Rate Test – verifies the T-carrier connection from end to end.

Question 13

Last-Mile solutions

Answer 13

Dial-up

DSL

Broadband cable

Satellite

Fiber

Cellular

Question 14

ISDN

Answer 14

Consists of two Bearer channels (B channels) that carry voice and data using standard DS0 channels, and one Delta channel (D channel) that carries setup and configuration info. This is the most common setup - two B/one D called BRI (Basic Rate Interface) running at 128 Kbps.

Another type called PRI (Primary Rate Interface) is actually just a full T1 line, carrying 23 B channels

Question 15

SDSL

Answer 15

symmetric DSL – provides equal upload and download speeds, in theory up to 15 Mbps.

restricted to around 18000 feet from the CO.

Question 16

ADSL

Answer 16

uses different upload and download speeds.

restricted to around 18000 feet from the CO.

Question 17

RTP

Answer 17

Real-time Transport Protocol – the heavily adopted bedrock of VoIP standarts, defines the type of packets used on the internet to move voice of data from a server to clients.

Question 18

SIP and H.323

Answer 18

Session Initiation Protocol and H.323 handle the initiation, setup, and delivery of VoIP sessions. SIP and H.323 both run on top of RTP.

Question 19

RTSP

Answer 19

Real-Time Streaming Protocol – runs on top of TRP and is used for video and audio steaming

Question 20

RRAS

Answer 20

Routing and Remote Access Server – A special remote access server program, originally only available on windows server, on which a PPTP endpoint is placed in microsoft networks.