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Renaissance Medicine Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the word “Renaissance” mean?

A

Rebirth.

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2
Q

What significant medical discoveries occurred during the Renaissance?

A

Andreas Vesalius disproved some of Galen’s ideas

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3
Q

What invention in 1440 helped spread new medical ideas quickly?

A

The printing press by Johannes Gutenberg.

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4
Q

How did artists contribute to medical development during the Renaissance?

A

They made huge progress in the accuracy of drawing human bodies

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5
Q

Who was Andreas Vesalius?

A

Born in 1514 in Brussels

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6
Q

What did Vesalius specialize in?

A

Anatomy.

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7
Q

How did Vesalius study human bodies closely?

A

Using dissection.

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8
Q

What was Vesalius’s most famous book?

A

On the Fabric of the Human Body

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9
Q

What was significant about “On the Fabric of the Human Body”?

A

It was an extremely detailed and accurate guide for doctors on how the human body worked

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10
Q

Give an example of Galen’s mistakes that Vesalius proved wrong.

A

Vesalius proved the human jaw bone was one bone

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11
Q

What was the short-term significance of Vesalius’s work?

A

He proved Galen made mistakes

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12
Q

What was the longer-term significance of Vesalius’s work?

A

The accuracy of his anatomical knowledge allowed for future advances

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13
Q

Who was Ambroise Paré?

A

A French surgeon to kings and a barber surgeon in the French army

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14
Q

What was the traditional method for treating gunshot wounds?

A

Using hot oil to cauterise wounds.

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15
Q

What ointment did Paré accidentally discover for treating gunshot wounds?

A

An ointment using egg yolk

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16
Q

What did Paré observe about the patients treated with his ointment compared to hot oil?

A

Those with ointment were sleeping and healing

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17
Q

Why did Paré not understand how his ointment worked?

A

He did not know about germs.

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18
Q

How did Paré stop bleeding in patients with severe wounds or amputations?

A

He used ligatures to tie blood vessels.

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19
Q

What was the problem with Paré’s use of ligatures?

A

Surgeons’ hands and ligatures were often unclean

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20
Q

What did Paré design due to treating many amputees?

A

Various examples of artificial limbs.

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21
Q

What was the short-term significance of Paré’s work?

A

He showed that new methods could be more successful than traditional ones and wrote about his ideas.

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22
Q

What was the longer-term significance of Paré’s ligatures?

A

They became useful after the discovery of germ theory (Pasteur) and carbolic acid (Lister) allowed them to be properly sterilised.

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23
Q

Who was William Harvey?

A

An English doctor born in 1578

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24
Q

Where did Harvey work for most of his career?

A

St Bartholomew’s Hospital in London.

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25
What was Harvey's high-profile position?
Physician of James I.
26
What was Galen's belief about blood in the body?
That blood was burned up like fuel and new blood was made in the liver.
27
How did Harvey prove Galen's ideas about blood wrong?
By dissecting frogs and showing that the heart pumped blood around the body.
28
What did Harvey discover about blood vessels?
The role of valves
29
What was the title of Harvey's book published in 1628?
**An Anatomical Account of the Motion of the Heart and Blood**.
30
Why was Harvey's high profile helpful for his work?
It helped his work to be widely shared.
31
What was the short-term significance of Harvey's work?
It proved Galen's work incorrect
32
What was an initial attempt based on Harvey's idea of circulation?
**Blood transfusions** from animals to humans.
33
Why were early blood transfusions unsuccessful?
**Blood groups** had not yet been discovered.
34
What was the longer-term significance of Harvey's work?
It was significant in the development of successful blood transfusions after Karl Landsteiner discovered blood groups in 1901.
35
When did the plague return to England as the Great Plague?
1665
36
How many people did the Great Plague kill in London?
100
37
What was the cause of the Great Plague's spread?
Poor sanitation
38
What did wealthy people
including Charles II
39
Who stayed in London and coordinated the response to the Great Plague?
The mayor of London.
40
What action did the government take regarding ships coming into London during the Great Plague?
They introduced a **quarantine** for all ships.
41
What was done to houses with someone infected with the plague?
People were locked inside
42
What were **searchers** employed to do during the Great Plague?
Walk the streets
43
What counterproductive action did the mayor of London order regarding animals?
Killing all stray cats and dogs.
44
What was the belief behind lighting fires in the streets during the Great Plague?
**Miasma** theory
45
What are **Bills of Mortality**?
Records that help historians understand death numbers and how plague cases rose and fell.
46
What was the biggest problem in dealing with the Great Plague effectively?
Germs still had not been discovered.
47
What were the similar cures used in the 1665-1666 outbreak compared to the 1348-1349 Black Death?
**Bloodletting** and **purging**.
48
What did plague doctors wear to protect themselves?
Leather cloaks
49
Which plague outbreak killed more people: 1348-1349 or 1665-1666?
The Black Death of 1348-1349.
50
What contributed to fewer deaths in the Great Plague of 1665-1666?
A more organised government response.
51
Have there been significant plague outbreaks in England since 1665-1666?
No.
52
What impact did the **Great Fire of London** have on future plague outbreaks?
It led to rebuilding the city with no open sewers and more spread-out buildings
53
What happened to **monasteries** in the 1530s?
They were closed down by Henry VIII.
54
Why did towns need to open hospitals in the 17th and 18th centuries?
To replace the healthcare provided by the closed monasteries.
55
What was a common treatment in hospitals
based on the **four humours**?
56
How did hospitals receive funding to provide care for the poor?
From wealthy donors or royal endowments.
57
Who were **physicians**?
Doctors who had trained at university and offered expensive medical care.
58
What were most diagnoses and treatments by physicians based on?
The works of **Hippocrates** and **Galen**
59
Who did physicians typically treat?
Richer people or royalty.
60
What was an **apothecary** similar to?
A modern chemist.
61
What did apothecaries sell?
Remedies and medicines
62
How did an apothecary usually train?
As an **apprentice** to an experienced apothecary.
63
Who were **quack doctors**?
Unqualified individuals who claimed to sell miracle cures.
64
What did quack doctors' remedies supposedly contain?
Mysterious ingredients like crushed unicorn horn.
65
Why were quack doctors' ideas not challenged scientifically until later?
Lack of scientific knowledge before Pasteur’s **germ theory**.
66
Who was John Hunter?
A Scottish surgeon born in 1728
67
Where is Hunter's collection of human and animal body parts now?
The Hunterian Museum at the **Royal College of Surgeons**.
68
What did Hunter aim to develop in medicine?
More scientific methods.
69
What experiment did Hunter carry out regarding syphilis and gonorrhoea?
He deliberately infected a patient (or himself) to prove they were the same disease
70
What did Hunter believe was the most effective treatment for these diseases?
Mercury.
71
What was Hunter's particular interest?
**Anatomy**.
72
How many items did Hunter's collection include?
Over 14
73
What idea did Hunter disprove regarding gunshot injuries?
That they poisoned the area around the wound.
74
What did Hunter argue about **amputation**?
It should only be carried out as a last resort.
75
What high-profile positions did Hunter hold?
Surgeon to George III and surgeon general to the British army.
76
Who was a famous doctor trained by John Hunter?
Edward Jenner
77
What did Hunter encourage other surgeons to follow?
Careful scientific methods.
78
What was the purpose of Hunter's books?
To help other doctors learn from his scientific method.
79
What is the Hunterian Museum?
A museum owned and operated by the Royal College of Surgeons
80
What was **smallpox**?
A disease causing severe rashes with a high **mortality rate** and long-term effects.
81
What was the **mortality rate** of smallpox?
Around 30 percent.
82
What were some long-term effects of surviving smallpox?
Scarring
83
What was **inoculation** against smallpox?
Giving someone a small amount of pus from a smallpox victim to protect them.
84
Who promoted inoculation in England after learning about it in Turkey?
Lady Mary Montagu.
85
What were the risks of inoculation?
Contracting the full-blown disease or not developing enough **immunity**.
86
Who was Edward Jenner?
An English doctor born in 1749.
87
What theory did Jenner hear from milkmaids?
That they wouldn't catch smallpox because they had already been infected with cowpox.
88
How did Jenner test his theory?
He took cowpox pus from Sarah Nelmes and put it into a cut on James Phipps
89
What did Jenner prove about cowpox?
That it gave people protection against smallpox.
90
What did Jenner call his procedure
and after what word?
91
What was one reason for opposition to Jenner's **vaccine** by the Church?
They believed disease was sent by God
92
What fear did some people have about the smallpox vaccine?
That vaccinated people would grow horns.
93
Why could Jenner not fully explain how his vaccine worked?
He did not know about germs.
94
What was a short-term significance of Jenner's vaccine?
It protected people against a deadly disease.
95
When was vaccination against smallpox made compulsory for newborn babies in England?
1853
96
What organization launched a plan to eradicate smallpox in 1967?
The **World Health Organisation**.
97
When was smallpox declared eradicated?
1980
98
What did Jenner's work encourage research into?
Finding other vaccines.
99
What discovery made finding other vaccines possible?
Louis Pasteur's **germ theory** in 1853.

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