renal

Question 1

tight junctions

Answer 1

zonula occulens

prevents mixing of receptors

Question 2

adherence junctions

Answer 2

zonula adherens and desmosomes

lateral strength from cytoskeleton

Question 3

communicating junctions

Answer 3

adjacent hemipores

allow molecules and ions to flow for functions

Question 4

types of exocrine glands

Answer 4

merocrine (vesicles)
apocrine (into apical cells)
holocrine (cell death)

Question 5

osmolality

Answer 5

high = concentrated 
low= dilute

Question 6

osmolarity

Answer 6

high= hypertonic (solution gains water)
low= hypotonic (solution loses water)

Question 7

ficks law

Answer 7

proportional to area and tension difference

inversely to thickness

Question 8

gibbs donnan

Answer 8

with non diffusible ions, the diffusible ions will distribute equally
there is a charge difference

Question 9

basement membrane layers

Answer 9

basal and reticular

Question 10

hemidesmosomes

Answer 10

connects basal surface to basement membrane

Question 11

outer layer of the kidney

Answer 11

cortex

Question 12

inner portion of the kidney

Answer 12

medulla

Question 13

glomerulus

Answer 13

surrounded by bowmens capsule

Question 14

afferent/efferent feeding

Answer 14

afferent into glomerulus and is reformed into afferent

Question 15

where does the efferent arteriole move into

Answer 15

the pertibular capillary

Question 16

high osmolarity detection

Answer 16

detected by osmoreceptors and baroreceptors and ADH is released

Question 17

osmoreceptors

Answer 17

in the hypothalamus

Question 18

ADH stimulus

Answer 18

atrial stretch receptor

baroreceptor

Question 19

ADH pathway, initial detectors

Answer 19

carotid and aortic baroreceptors
atrial stretch receptor
osmoreceptor

Question 20

control centre for ADH release

Answer 20

hypothalamic neurons in the hypothalamus

Question 21

where is ADH released

Answer 21

posterior pituitary

Question 22

where does ADH work

Answer 22

collecting duct of the nephron

Question 23

how does ADH work

Answer 23

inserts water pores into the membrane to increase water reabsorption

Question 24

water deficit

Answer 24

ADH present and distal tubule and collecting duct become permeable

Question 25

hypo-osmotic dehydration

Answer 25

loss of sodium and water burns loss of sodium

Question 26

hyper-osmotic dehydration

Answer 26

decreased water intake or increased loss | diabetes

Question 27

iso-osmotic dehydration

Answer 27

loss of water and solutes | haemorrhage, diarrhoea

Question 28

crystalloid fluid

Answer 28

passes through biological membranes | 0.9%

Question 29

colloid fluid

Answer 29

remains in intravascular space and resist diffusion

Question 30

RAAS overview

Answer 30

renin released, into angiotensinogen, to angiotensin I, angiotensin II

Question 31

renin

Answer 31

smooth muscles of afferent arterioles of the kidney | juxtaglomerular cells

Question 32

angiotensin I into II

Answer 32

via ACE

Question 33

aldosterone

Answer 33

created by angiotensin II | reabsorption of sodium in the nephron

Question 34

angiotensin II

Answer 34

stimulates sodium reabsorption | and vasoconstriction

Question 35

atrial natriuretic peptide

Answer 35

released from atria for decreased sodium reabsorption from increased stretch

Question 36

ANP sites of action

Answer 36

distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct hypothalamus (less ADH) adrenal cortex (less aldosterone)

Question 37

proximal tubule

Answer 37

simple cuboidal cells all glucose and amino acids reabsorbed most water reabsorbed

Question 38

descending loop of henle

Answer 38

simple squamous osmotic gradient increases and it descends fluid reabsorbed

Question 39

thin ascending loop of henle

Answer 39

not water permeable | sodium reabsorbed into the blood

Question 40

thick ascending loop of henle

Answer 40

active transport moves salts into the blood

Question 41

counter current multiplication

Answer 41

removal of water in descending and addition of salts in the ascending loop

Question 42

blood flow in the loop of henle

Answer 42

concurrent flow for blood to pick up salts

Question 43

urea

Answer 43

fully filtered in the glomerulus and reabsorbed in the collecting duct

Question 44

distal tubule and collecting duct

Answer 44

sodium reabsorbed and potassium secreted

Question 45

major reabsorption location

Answer 45

proximal tubule