Renal

Question 1

ammoniotelic

Answer 1

majority of aquatic animals
excrete ammonia through gills after breaking down a.a

Question 2

ureotelic

Answer 2

terrestrial animals
excrete urea from liver

Question 3

uricotelic

Answer 3

avian. reptiles
excrete uric acid

Question 4

osmoconformers

Answer 4

osmolarity adjusts to surroundings

Question 5

hyperosmotic regulator

Answer 5

osmolarity greater than surroundings
water constantly going into soft parts exposed

Question 6

hypoosmotic regulator

Answer 6

osmolarity less than surrounding
water constantly going out, excrete Na/Cl in glls

Question 7

specific gravity

Answer 7

density of volume of fluid in relation to density of water

Question 8

afferent arteriole

Answer 8

vascular smooth muscle
variable resistor to blood flow, dilates or constricts
take toward the glomerulus

Question 9

efferent arteriole

Answer 9

vascular smooth muscle
variable resistor to blood flow, dilates or constricts
take away from glomerulus

Question 10

JGA

Answer 10

next to glomerular apparatus
associated with afferent arteriole
helps to control vascular resistance

Question 11

mesangial

Answer 11

between JGA and efferent arteriole

Question 12

macula densa

Answer 12

above all the “action”

Question 13

autoregulation

Answer 13

kidneys own ability to control variable resistors in the arterioles
kidney can sense changes in pressure and flow

Question 14

hypovolemia

Answer 14

low blood volume, caused by hemorrhage
drop in blood pressure (Pcap), lower glomeular fltration

Question 15

baroreceptors

Answer 15

pressure receptors, tonically active, sense distension of vessels
mechanically linked to Na+ channels
-rate Na+ influx directly related to action potential frequency

Question 16

chemoreceptors

Answer 16

tonically active
sense chemicals, NaCl in kidney

Question 17

Polyanionic

Answer 17

least permeable because glomerular capillary bed repels the negative charge due to also being negative

Question 18

tonically active

Answer 18

respond to increase or decrease in action potential frequency

Question 19

perfusion

Answer 19

amount of blood going to and through tissue

Question 20

RAAS

Answer 20

renin-angiotensin aldosterone system
multiorgan activation

Question 21

renin

Answer 21

protein, cleavage
meta trophic receptors

Question 22

aldosterone

Answer 22

hormone
promotor receptor

Question 23

angiotension

Answer 23

protein
meta trophic receptors

Question 24

angiotensin 1

Answer 24

renin and angiotensin

Question 25

ace

Answer 25

cleavage enzyme meets / angiotensin I to make Angiotensin II

Question 26

Angiotensin II

Answer 26

very powerful vasoconstrictor increase vascular resistance and intraceullar Ca+

Question 27

catacholamine

Answer 27

amino acid derivative stored in vesicles released by exocytosis

Question 28

Effective circulating volume

Answer 28

adequate perfusion make sure amount of bloodflow appropriate for metabolic needs

Question 29

ADH

Answer 29

made in hypothalamus secreted through posterior pituitary secreted secondary to RAAS activates vasopressin

Question 30

vasopressin

Answer 30

increase effective circulating volume accumulate thirst to replace lost fluid

Question 31

factors that effect renal vascular resistance

Answer 31

mesangial cells RAAS SNS activation endocrine and paracrine cntrol

Question 32

VEGF

Answer 32

change capillary bed integrity dysfunction due to endothelial cell structure

Question 33

uniport

Answer 33

one ion moved by protein

Question 34

cotransport/ symport

Answer 34

2+ ions moved by protein

Question 35

antiport

Answer 35

1+ ion and a time by vectors are opposite

Question 36

ammonia

Answer 36

more lipophilic because no charge localize to nervous tissue= toxic in body