Renal

Question 1

Name 2 urinary tract infections and their characteristics

Answer 1

1. Cystitis
   * inflammation of the bladder
   * due to ascending microbes
2. Pyelonephritis
   * inflammation of renal pelvis & interstritium
   * due to ascending mircobes or microbes in blood

Question 2

What tpically occurs with acute kidney injuries?

Answer 2

• decreased GFR
• blood urea nitrogen (BUN) elevation
• elevated serum creatinine
• oliguria

Question 3

What is important to remember about UTIs

Answer 3

Ureterovesical junction closes during urination to prevent spread to ureters and kidneys

Question 4

What are the 3 types of AKI and their causes?

Answer 4

1. Prerenal - renal blood flow impairment
   * forms of shock
   * haemorrhage
   * severe burns
   * cardiac failure
2. Intrarenal (Intrinsic) - within the kidneys
   * acute tubular necrosis
   * glomerulonephritis
   * vascular diseases
   * tumours
   * PCKD
3. Postrenal - within renal tract
   * urinary tract obstruction (stones)
   * uteral destruction
   * neurogenic bladder

Question 5

What is another name for kidney stones?

Answer 5

Calculi

Question 6

Briefly outline the pathophysiology of a urinary tract obstruction

Answer 6

Obstruction of the renal tract causes dilation proximal to the blockage, leading to hydroureter and/or hydronephrosis. This backup of urine flow damages the distal nephron, proximal nephron, and glomeruli, resulting in decreased GFR, urine concentration, and secretion, potentially causing metabolic acidosis. Severity and duration determine the speed of damage progression, leading to AKI and possibly CKD. Obstruction also increases the risk of urinary tract infections. Kidney stones are a common cause of renal obstruction

Question 7

Outline what Acute Glomerulonephritis is

Answer 7

A renal condtion associated with bacterial infections where the antigen-antibody complexes become trapped in the glomeruli. This causes an inflammatory response that damages the gloumerular basement membrane.

Question 8

What is CKD?

Answer 8

Progressive and irreverisble destruction of nephrons & associated renal tissues resulting in lose of renal function

Question 9

What is Azotemia?

Answer 9

• signifigant marker for kidney dysfunction
• High levels of urea (and typically other nitrogen containing compounds, including creatinine) in the blood.
• Retention of metabolic waste

Uraemia = Signs & Symptoms:
* Nausea/vomiting
* anorexia
* diarrhoea
* peripheral neuropathy
* pericarditis
* pruitis
* frost
* hypertension
* muscle waste/bone pain

Question 10

Explain what Hydoureter is

Answer 10

Fluid backs up into kidney and starts to flood the individual nephrons - due to obstruction

Question 11

Explain what Hydronephrosis is

Answer 11

The other kidney hydrorophies and filters more blood, but damage to kidney with stone is irreversible if continues more than 4 weeks