Shock Flashcards
Which types of shock are associated with widespread vasodilation?
-Neurogenic
-Septic
-Anaphylatic
Which type of shock might occur after a myocardial infarction (MI)?
Cardiogenic shock
What are the main treatment methods for anaphylactic shock?
-Antihistamine
-IM adrenaline
Outline the underlying physiology of Hypotension relating to shock
Hypotension occurs due to either a drop in cardiac output and/or a drop in total peripheral resistance (vascular resistance).
LOW BLOOD PRESSURE
Outline the underlying physiology of HR changes relating to shock
Heart rate will increaseas part of the SNS response to a fall in CO and/or BP.
Neurogenic and possibly cardiogenic- HR decreases due to alterations in autonomic signals or due to problems with the heart.
BUT In any case, if shock progresses HR will fall as it can no longer be maintained by the heart.
Outline the underlying physiology of Oliguria relating to shock
Decreased urinary output occurs because of any vasoconstriction and increased sodium and water reabsorption at the kidneys associated with activation of the SNS & RAAS.
Outline the underlaying physiology of body/skin temperature changes relating to shock
Changes will be due to either vasoconstriction associated with the homeostatic response to shock or due to the vasodilation that occurs in distributive types of shock.
What are the 4 phases of hypovolemic shock with signs and symptoms
Phase 1: Initial - Increased heart rate (tachycardia)
Rapid, shallow breathing
Pale, cool, clammy skin
Restlessness or anxiety
Thirst
Phase 2: Compensatory - Continued tachycardia
Increased respiratory rate
Decreased urine output
Narrowing pulse pressure
Altered mental status (confusion)
Phase 3: Progressive - Hypotension (low blood pressure)
Rapid, weak pulse
Markedly decreased urine output
Cold, mottled extremities
Lethargy or unconsciousness
Phase 4: Refractory - Profound hypotension
Bradycardia (late sign)
Severe metabolic acidosis
Multiple organ failure
Loss of consciousness
Irreversible
