Renal 2

Question 1

T/F: Kidney will increase or decrease excretion rate of a substance to match input

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The following are functions of ____:
Regulation of water and electrolyte balance
-Output = Input
Regulation of arterial pressure
-Vascular resistance, Circulating volume
-Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, AVP/ADH
Regulation of solute concentrations(osmolarity).
Excretion of metabolic waste products and foreign chemicals.
-Urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin…
-Drugs, pesticides, food additives…
Erythropoiesis via Erythropoietin
Regulation of acid-base balance.
Regulation of active vitamin D (calcitriol) production:
-Calcium homeostasis
-Dynamic bone structure
Gluconeogenesis.

Answer 2

renal function/function of kidneys

Question 3

Which portion of the kidney is composed of renal pyramids and columns?

Answer 3

Renal medulla

Question 4

Contain Nephrons (Functional Unit) –produce urine

• Border of Cortex/Medulla
• Papilla

Answer 4

Renal Pyramid

Question 5

What is the pathway of urine beginning at the minor calyx and ending with the micturition reflex?

Answer 5

Minor Calyx  Major CalyxRenal Pelvis  Ureter  Urinary BladderMicturition Reflex

Question 6

Walls contain smooth muscle
Exhibit peristalsis
-Calyces stretched by urine
-Initiates peristaltic wave that flows through pelvis, along ureter to bladder

Answer 6

Ureters

Question 7

_____ Nerves can alter peristalsis

Answer 7

Autonomic

Question 8

Parasympathetic innervation ______ peristalsis

Answer 8

enhances

Question 9

Sympathetic innervation ______ peristalsis.

Answer 9

decreases

Question 10

Enter Bladder through _____ Muscle (smooth muscle)

• Muscle tone compresses ureter and prevents back flow of urine during micturition
• Peristaltic wave increase pressure within ureter, opening ureter lumen, allowing urine to flow into bladder.

Answer 10

Detruser muscle

Question 11

-Backflow of urine into ureter
-Enlargement of ureters
-Increase pressure and damage to renal pelvis
Rich pain innervation

Answer 11

Vesicoureteral Reflux

Question 12

• Ureters blocked (ex. Ureteral stone)
• Reflex to reduce RBF and urine formation
• Protective

Answer 12

Ureterorenal reflex

Question 13

Does the detrusor muscle have gap junctions to conducts APs?

Answer 13

yes

Question 14

Smooth Muscle and Elastic Tissue
Intrinsic tone
Prevents bladder emptying until P increases to threshold

Answer 14

Internal urethral sphincter

Question 15

Do the internal or external sphincters have voluntary control?

Answer 15

External sphincters

Question 16

______ neurons detect degree of bladder stretch

Answer 16

Visceral sensory

Question 17

_____ neurons stimulate contraction of detrusor muscle and relaxation of Internal Sphincter

Answer 17

Parasympathetic

Question 18

_____ nerve = somatic motor neurons controlling External Sphincter

Answer 18

Pudendal

Question 19

_____ neurons control bladder blood vessels

Answer 19

Sympathetic

Question 20

What is the stretch reflex of the bladder called?

Answer 20

micturition reflex

Question 21

What is the stimulus of the micturition reflex?

Answer 21

bladder stretch

Question 22

What is the reflex receptor of the micturition reflex?

Answer 22

Stretch receptors in bladder wall

Question 23

What is the afferent pathway of the micturition reflex?

Answer 23

Visceral sensory

Question 24

What is the integrating center of the micturition reflex?

Answer 24

Spinal cord

Question 25

What is the efferent pathway of the micturition reflex?

Answer 25

Parasympathetic

Question 26

What is the effector of the micturition reflex?

Answer 26

Detrusor smooth muscle

Question 27

What is the effector response both systemically and locally of the micturition reflex?

Answer 27

Local: Contraction Systemic: Stretch

Question 28

What is the feedback of the micturition reflex?

Answer 28

Positive

Question 29

Micturition reflex: After time (sec. to min.) reflex fatigues and ceases, and bladder _____

Answer 29

relaxes

Question 30

Micturition reflex: If bladder not emptied, reflex remains inhibited (min to hours) and then ______

Answer 30

occurs again

Question 31

Micturition reflex: Frequency and power of contractions ____ as bladder fills

Answer 31

increases

Question 32

Micturition reflex: Once powerful enough, _____ Pudenden nerve to override voluntary control; allows urine to flow

Answer 32

inhibits

Question 33

______ urination – contract abdominal muscles, increases bladder pressure, activates micturition reflex with voluntary relaxation of external urethral sphincter.

Answer 33

Voluntary

Question 34

How much of CO goes to kidney?

Answer 34

20%

Question 35

Renal artery branches off of _____

Answer 35

aorta

Question 36

The renal artery enters the kidney at the _____

Answer 36

hilum

Question 37

Where does the microcirculation begins?

Answer 37

Arcuate arteries

Question 38

What is the sequence of venous drainage of the kidney beginning at the venule?

Answer 38

Venule to renal vein to vena cava

Question 39

_____ capillaries: High pressure for Filtration Afferent and Efferent arteriolar resistance can be altered to alter PC in these Capillaries

Answer 39

Glomerular capillaries

Question 40

_____ and _____ resistance can be altered to alter PC in Glomerular Capillaries

Answer 40

Afferent and Efferent arteriolar

Question 41

Which capillaries have low pressure and participate in secretion and reabsorption in the kidneys?

Answer 41

Peritubular capillaries

Question 42

What is the sequence of renal microcirculation beginning with afferent arteriole and ending with venules?

Answer 42

Afferent Arteriole Glomerular Capillaries Efferent Arteriole Peritubular Capillaries Venules

Question 43

What is the sequence of the segments of the nephron starting with the glomerulus?

Answer 43

``` Glomerulus Bowman's space in Bowman's capsule PCT Proximal Straight Tubule Thin descending limb of loop of Henle Thin ascending limb of loop of Henle Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle DCT CCD MCD ```

Question 44

Each Collecting duct Collects fluid from about ____nephrons

Answer 44

4000

Question 45

_____ Collecting Ducts/Kidney

Answer 45

250

Question 46

≈ ______ Nephrons/Kidney

Answer 46

1,000,000

Question 47

70-80% of nephrons Glomerulus in outer cortex Short loops of Henle Peritubular Capillaries

Answer 47

Cortical nephrons

Question 48

``` 20-30% of nephrons Glomerulus near cortex/medulla border Long Loop of Henle (extends deep into medulla) Vasa Recta Play role in concentrating urine ```

Answer 48

Juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 49

Which nephrons play a role in concentrating urine?

Answer 49

Juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 50

Function of Glomerular Capillaries Occurs via bulk flow  identical to plasma except protein free

Answer 50

Filtration

Question 51

_____ =Rate of filtrate production (vol./time)

Answer 51

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Question 52

Removes wanted substances from glomerular filtrate and puts it back into blood in peritubular capillaries Passive and Active transport processes across nephron epithelium

Answer 52

Reabsorption

Question 53

Removal of unwanted substances still in plasma and secrete it into glomerular filtrate in nephron Passive and Active transport processes across nephron epithelium

Answer 53

Secretion

Question 54

Removal of metabolic waste | Urine exits collecting duct into minor calyx

Answer 54

Excretion

Question 55

What is the formula relating all the renal processes of urine formation?

Answer 55

Ex = Fx – Rx + S

Question 56

Why do we filter so much and then expend so much energy to return greater than 99% back into the ECF?

Answer 56

Filtration is the only way to get rid of some substances so we filter everything