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A&PII > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

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0
Q

Flow of urine

A

From each kidney, down its ureter to the bladder and to the outside via the urethra

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1
Q

The urinary system consists of…

A

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

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2
Q

The broad picture overview of the urinary system (the kidneys mostly).

A

filter the blood and return most of the water and solutes to the bloodstream

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3
Q

Kidney functions

6

A 
Regulation of blood ionic composition
 -Na, K, Ca, Cl and phosphate ions
Regulation of blood pH, osmolarity and glucose
Regulation of blood volume
Regulation of blood pressure
 -secreting the enzyme renin
 -adjusting renal resistance
Release of erythropoietin and calcitriol
Excreting waste and foreign substances
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4
Q

Where is the kidney found

A

Above the waist between the peritoneum and posterior wall of abdomen

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5
Q

How long and wide are the kidneys?

A

4-5 inches long
2-3 inches wide
1 inch thick

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6
Q

What are the kidneys protected by?

A

11th and 12th rib and the right kidney is slightly lower

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7
Q

Blood vessels and ureter enter where in the kidneys?

A

The hilus

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8
Q

What is a renal capsule?

A

Transparent membrane that maintains organ shape

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9
Q

What does the adipose capsule of the kidney do?

A

Protect it from trauma

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10
Q

What is renal fascia?

A

Deans irregular connective tissue that holds the kidneys against back body wall

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11
Q

Internal kidney anatomy

What is the parenchyma of kidney?

A

The renal cortex and renal medulla

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12
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

Superficial layer of kidney

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13
Q

What is the renal medulla?

A

Inner portion of the kidney consisting of 8-18 cone shaped renal pyramids separated by renal columns. The renal medulla contains renal papilla pointing towards the center of the kidney.

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14
Q

Describe the drainage system that fills the renal sinus cavity.

A

Minor calyces collect urine from the papillary ducts of the papilla.
Minor and major calyces empty into the renal pelvis which empties into the ureter

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15
Q

The kidneys receive what percent of resting cardiac output?

A

25 % via renal arteries

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16
Q

Where does blood filtration in capillaries occur?

A

Glomerular capillaries.

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17
Q

What changes can occur in the filtration of blood?

A

Vasodilation/vasoconstriction of afterwards and efferent arterioles

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18
Q

What do peritubular capillaries do?

A

Carry away reabsorbed substances from filtrate

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19
Q

What does the vasa recta do?

A

Supplie nutrients to the medulla without disrupting osmolarity

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20
Q

What do sympathetic vasomotor nerves do?

A

Regulate blood flow and renal resistance by altering arterioles

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21
Q

Where are glomerular capillaries formed?

A

Between afferent and efferent arterioles

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22
Q

What do efferent arterioles give rise to?

A

Peritubular capillaries and vasa recta

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23
Q

How many nephrons are in the kidney?

A

Over 1 million

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24
What is the renal corpuscle
Site of plasma filtration
25
What is the glomerulus
Capillaries where filtration occurs
26
What is the bowmans capsule?
Double walled either is cup that collects filtrate.
27
What is the renal tubule
Contains the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule.
28
Collecting ducts and papillary ducts do what?
Drain urine into the renal pelvis and ureter
29
80-85% of nephrons are what type of nephrons?
Cortical nephrons
30
Renal corpuscles lie mainly where? Loops of Henle lie mainly where?
Renal corpuscles - outer cortex | Loops of Henle - mainly in the cortex
31
Juxtamdullary nephrons make up what % of nephrons? Their renal corpuscles are where and their loops of Henle are where?
15-20% Just outside the medulla Extend deep into the medulla - excretion of dilute or concentrates urine
32
What is the Histology of the nephron and collecting duct
Single layer epithelium cells form walls of the entire tube. Microvilli, cuboidal versus simple, hormone receptors
33
Structure of the renal corpuscle. Podocytes cover what layer? What cells cover the parietal layer of the capsule?
Visceral | Simple squamous cells
34
Histology of proximal convoluted tubule?
Simple cuboidal with brush border of microvilli that increase surface area
35
Histology of descending loop of Henle
Simple squamous
36
Histology of ascending loop of Henle
Simple cuboidal to low columnar | Forms juxtaglomerular apparatus where it makes contact with the afferent arteriole.
37
Histology of Distal convoluted and collecting ducts?
Simple cuboidal composed of principle and intercalated cells which have microvilli
38
Do you gain more nephrons as you get older?
No, they just become larger. If injured no replacement.
39
At what percent is kidney dysfunction evident?
25% of normal.
40
If one kidney is removed how much does the remaining pick up the slack.
Up to 80% of normal two. Leaves a 5% leeway between function and dysfunction
41
Nephrons and collecting ducts preform 3 basic functions.
Glomerular filtratio Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion
42
Rate of excretion is....
Rate of filtration+rate of secretion-rate of reabsorption
43
Glomerular filtration is what percent of plasma?
20%
44
How many gallons a day of filtrate are turned into urine?
48 gallons into 1-2 qt of urine
45
What produces glomerular filtrate?
Blood pressure
46
Filtering capacity is enhanced by?
thinness of glomerular capillaries
47
Glomerular capillary BP is high because?
Small size of efferent arteriole
48
What do endothelial fenestrations stop? Basal lamina of glomerulus? Slit membrane between pedicles?
Stops all cells and platelets Stops large plasma proteins Stops medium sized proteins,not small.
49
What is net filtration pressure?
Total pressure that promotes filtration
50
What is the pressure that filtrate must be?
55mmhg
51
What is the average amount of filtrate formed in the renal corpuscles of the kidneys per minute?
125mL/min
52
What happens if GFR is too high?
Useful substances are lost due to the speed of fluid passage.
53
What happens if GFR is too low?
Insufficient removal of waste products from the body.
54
At what point does filtration stop?
If GBHP drops below 45mmhg
55
How does the renal system auto regulate GFR?
Myogenic mechanism | Tubuloglomerular feedback
56
What is myogenic mechanism?
Systemic increase BP, stretch the afferent arteriole. Smooth muscle contraction reduces the diameter of arteriole.
57
What is tubuloglomerular feedback?
Elevated BP raises GFR, therefore the macula densa detects the difference and releases a vasoconstrictor from the juxtaglomerular apparatus constricting the afferent arteriole and reducing GFR
58
How does the NS regulate GFR.
Sympathetic fibers cause vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles. At rest the renal BV are maximally dilated. Auto regulation prevails. Moderate sympathetic activity both afferent and efferent arterioles constrict equally des reading GFR. With extreme sympathetic activity vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles reduce GFR- lowering urine output and increasing blood flow to other areas
59
How do hormones effect GFR
Atrial natriuretic peptide increase it. | Angiotensin II reduce it.
60
Tubular reabsorption occurs by what two routes
Paracellular | Transcellular
61
What is paracellular reabsorption? | Transcellular reabsorption?
Para- 50% of reabsorbed material moves by diffusion. | Trans- material moves through both apical and basal membranes by active transport
62
How is water absorbed? Na+?
Osmosis | And sodium potassium pump!
63
What is glucosuria?
Glucose in the urine
64
What is the cause of glucose in the urine? A problem called glucosuria.
Renal symporters cannot reabsorb glucose fast enough if blood glucose level is above 200mg/ml
65
What is a common cause of glucosuria?
Diabetes. Insulin activity deficient too high of blood sugar.
66
Where does most reabsorption take place?
The proximal convoluted tubule. | Glucose, amino acids, water-soluble vitamins and other nutrients are absorbed.
67
Reabsorption or bicarbonate, Na+ H+ ions | What antiporters reabsorb this and secrete this.
Na+ antiporters reabsorb Na and secret H.
68
For every ____ secreted into the tubular fluid, one filtered ____ eventually returns to the blood.
H+ Bicarbonate
69
Passive reabsorption in the 2nd half of the PCT ____ gradients produced by _____ and _____ cause ____ reabsorption of Cl, K, Mg.
Electrochemical Symporters and antiporters Passive reabsorption
70
____ promotes osmosis in PCT?
Aquaporin-1 channels
71
How is ammonia made in the body?
Deamination of protein in the liver
72
How is ammonia handled in the body?
It is converted into urea.
73
Both ____ and ____ are filtered in the glomerular and secreted in the PCT.
Ammonia and urea
74
PCT cells deaminate glutamine in a process that generates both ___ and____
NH3 and new bicarbonate ion.
75
How much of the filtered water is reabsorbed by the PCT.
65%
76
The thick limb of the loop of Henle has what symporters?
Na, K, Cl
77
By the end of the DCT what percentage of solutes and water have been reabsorbed and return to the bloodstream
95%
78
Where are the final adjustments made?
Cells in the collecting ducts.
79
Principle cells reabsorb ___ and secrete ___
Na and K
80
Intercalated cells reabsorb K and bicarbonate ions and secrete H+
Know that
81
What stimulates an increase N+ and water absorbtion and K secretion by principle cells by stimulating the synthesis of new pumps and channels.
Aldosterone
82
Proton pumps (H+ ATPase) secrete H+ into tubular fluid which allows for what?
Secrete against a concentration gradient so urine can be 1000times more acidic than blood

A&PII (3 decks)

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