Renal

Question 1

Urachus —>

Answer 1

Median Umbilical Ligament

Question 2

First developmental structure in renal embryology

Answer 2

Pronephros

Question 3

Urinary system is derived from which early cell layer

Answer 3

intermediate mesoderm –> urogenital ridge

Question 4

Pronephros disappears by week

Answer 4

5

Question 5

Mesonephros ultimately gives rise to

Answer 5

interim kidney for trimester 1, Wolffian Duct in male genital development

Question 6

Potter Sequence is d/t

Answer 6

b/l renal agenesis d/t malformation of the ureteric bud

Question 7

What primitive structure forms the definitive kidney

Answer 7

Metanephros

Question 8

Findings in Potter Sequence

Answer 8

oligohydramnios, limb deformities, flattened face, hypoplasia

Question 9

Causes of Potter Sequence

Answer 9

b/l renal agenesis, ARPKD, posterior urethral valves

Question 10

Potter Sequence prognosis

Answer 10

Incompatible w/ life d/t lung hypoplasia

Question 11

Horseshoe kidney result from what developmental defect

Answer 11

Fusion anomaly causing the lower poles to fuse d/t pressure/contact

Question 12

Horseshoe kidneys get caught on what structure?

Answer 12

IMA

Question 13

Horseshoe kidneys have increased risk of?

Answer 13

ureteropelvic junction obstruction, hydronephrosis, renal stones, renal cancer (rare)

Question 14

Horseshoe kidneys are associated with what condition?

Answer 14

Turner’s Syndrome

Question 15

Pelvic kidneys result from what developmental abnormality

Answer 15

failure to pass UNDER the umbilical a.

Question 16

Pelvic kidneys increase the risk for?

Answer 16

vesicoureteric reflux, hydronephrosis, pyelonephritis, renal stones

Question 17

Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney is d/t what developmental abnormality

Answer 17

abnormal ureteric bud & metanephric mesenchyme interaction –> cysts & non-functional kidney

Question 18

THE URETERS PASS UNDER WHAT 2 STRUCTURES

Answer 18

vas deferens & uterine aa.

Question 19

Nerve supply to the kidney is via

Answer 19

thoracic splanchnic nn.

Question 20

Kidneys drain lymph to

Answer 20

lumbar lymph nodes

Question 21

Ureters pass over what structure

Answer 21

common iliac aa.

Question 22

Cells lining the urethra

Answer 22

Urethral meatus (bladder): transitional epithelium
Urethra: stratified columnar
Urethral external meatus: stratified squamous

Question 23

What gives the glomerular BM its negative charge?

Answer 23

Heparan sulfate

Question 24

In which condition is the negative GBM lost?

Answer 24

Nephrotic syndrome

Question 25

Nephrotic Syndrome results in what Sx

Answer 25

Albuminuria, hypoproteinemia, edema, hyperlipidemia

Question 26

Glomerular filtration barrier is composed of

Answer 26

fenestrated capillaries, GBM (-), Podocyte foot processes

Question 27

Renal Clearance Calculation

Answer 27

Cx = (Ux x V) / Px Cx (ml/m) Ux (mg/ml) V (ml/m)

Question 28

What substance is used to measure GFR

Answer 28

Inulin

Question 29

Normal GFR

Answer 29

~100ml/m

Question 30

If renal clearance Cx

Answer 30

X is reabsorbed

Question 31

Normal osmolarity =

Answer 31

290mOsm/L

Question 32

Describe the fluid compartments

Answer 32

60% total body water 40% ICF 20% ECS --- (5% PV, 15% Interstitial F)

Question 33

Which nephrons are responsible for the concentration of urine?

Answer 33

Juxtamedullary nephrons (thin loop of henle dives deep into medulla)

Question 34

If weight = 55kg, what % is PV?

Answer 34

``` TBW = 55 x .6 = 33L ICF = 55 x .4 = 22L ECF= 55 x .2 = 11L PV = 55 x .05 = 2.75L ISF = 55 x .15 = 8.25L ```

Question 35

ileum blind pouch leading to umbilicus connected by a fibrous band

Answer 35

Meckel's Diverticulum

Question 36

True Diverticulum are lined by what cells

Answer 36

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis

Question 37

Linear IF on kidney biopsy, what would be seen on light microscopy

Answer 37

crescent formation

Question 38

NF-kB stimulates

Answer 38

cytokine production

Question 39

rounded, polygonal cells w/ abundant clear cytoplasm, the lesion most likely originated from what portion of the kidney

Answer 39

Proximal Renal Tubules (RCC)

Question 40

PCOS (Stein-Leventhal Syndrome) patient findings

Answer 40

high Estrogen, high Androgens, high LH | Hyperandrogenism, anovulation, oligomenorrhea, ovarian cysts

Question 41

Allantois --->

Answer 41

Urachus