Renal Flashcards

Question

Where does gonadal development happen

Answer 1

Medial aspect of the mesonephric ridge, forming the urogenital ridge

Answer 2

Starts with the formation od the ureteric buds at the caudal end of the mesonephric duct ``` By day 32 the ureteric buds penetrate the metanephric mesenchyme (undifferentiated mesoderm), bifurcating in a specific pattern: Renal ampulla, renal pelvis, Major calyces, Minor calyces, Collecting ducts ```

Answer 3

``` Collecting portion: Collecting ducts Major and minor calyces Renal pelvis Ureter ``` ``` Excretory portion: Bowmans capsule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule ```

Answer 4

Newly formed collecting tubules are covered by metanephric tissue caps Interaction between the tubule and the cap causes: specific branching of tubule differentiation of cells in the metanephric cap to form renal vesicles which expand to form S shaped table and bowman's capsule which form the adult nephron

Answer 5

Develop in the pelvic region but reside more cranially in the adult Ascent of the kidneys is caused by growth and elongation od the developing vets As it ascend it establishes new blood supply; lower vessels normally degenerate In adult position by week 9

Answer 6

From the urogenital sinus which is divided into 3 distinguishable parts: Upper: presumptive urinary bladder Pelvic: urethra Phallic: penile urethra (males), vestibule (females) Bladder is initially continuous with the allantois which obliterates to form the urachus that connects the apex of the bladder with the umbilicus

Answer 7

mesonephros

Answer 8

The two kidneys are associated with the posterior abdominal wall, lateral to the aorta and IVC. Each kidney gives off a ureter which descends alongside the vertebral column to enter the pelvis and join the bladder A single urethra leaves the bladder and passes urine to the outside world

Answer 9

Bladder Rectum Uterus (female) ``` Project into the abdominal cavity Covered by peritoneum Form pouches where fluid collects: Vesico-rectal pouch (male) Vesico-uterine pouch and utero-rectal pouch (female) ```

Answer 10

Rapid reduction in kidney function Occurs over hours to days Rise in creatinine and decrease in urine output

Answer 11

stage 1. SCr increase >26umol/L within 48 hours or ACr increase 1.5-1.9 fold from base line Urine output< 0.5 mL/kg/hr for 6 consecutive hours stage 2. SCr increase 2-2.9 fold from baseline Urine output <0.5mL/kg/hr for 12 hrs stage 3. SCr increase >3 fold from baseline or SCr increase >354 mol/L or initiate on RRT Urine output < 0.3 mL/kg/hr for 24 hrs or anuria for 12 hr

Answer 12

``` Hypovolaemia/hypotensive Sepsis Nausea/vomiting decreased urine output Fever Diuretics Diarrhoea High stoma output Haemorrhage Burns ```

Answer 13

``` Hyperkalaemia -cardiac arrest Acidaemia - vascular instability Pulmonary oedema - respiratory arrest Uraemia - pericarditis, encephalopathy gastritis malnutrition anemia ```

Answer 14

``` Full blood count U and Es and bicarbonate C-reactive protein Liver function tests Calcium and phosphate Immunological screen Creatine kinase Urinalysis ```

Answer 15

``` Diabetes meillitus Glomerular disease Inherited disorders such as autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease Renal vascular disease Acute kidney injury Interstitial disease Other unknown causes ```

Answer 16

BP control: ACE inhibitors Cholesterol control: statins Fluid balance: loop diuretics e.g. furosemide Anaemia: erythropoietin and ferrous sulphate Bone metabolism: vitamin D analogues, phosphate binders, calcimimetics Acidaemia: sodium bicarbonate Dietary advice: decrease phosphate

Answer 17

``` Presents in adult life Development of cysts on kidneys, liver, pancreas Hypertension Cardiac abnormalities Berry aneurysms ```

Answer 18

Haemodialysis Peritoneal dialysis Transplantation Conservative care

Answer 19

Hypertension Cardiac failure CKD Hypotension Kyperkalaemia Ramiprill Lisinopril Inhibits vasoconstrictive effect of angiotensin II

Answer 20

Hypertension Cardiac failure CDK Hypotension Kyperkalaemia Valsartan Irbesartan Inhibits vasoconstrictive effect of angiotensin II on the receptor

Answer 21

CKD Nephrotic syndrome Hypertension Cardiac failure Hypovolaemia Hypokalaemia Inhibits uptake of sodium, potassium, chloride and water

Answer 22

CKD Nephrotic syndrome Hypertension Cardiac failure Hypovolaemia Inhibits sodium uptake Remove sodium and water

Answer 23

Cardiac failure Liver cirrhosis Hyperkalaemia Inhibits aldosterone Prevents sodium reabsorption in exchange for potassium

Answer 24

Prevents hypokalaemia Hyperkalaemia Inhibits sodium reabsorption Removes sodium and water

Answer 25

Life threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection Organ dysfunction can be represented by an increase in the sequential organ failure assessment score of >2 Which is associated with an in-hospital mortality greater than 10%

Answer 26

A subset of sepsis Profound circulatory, cellular and metabolic abnormalities Greater risk of mortality than with sepsis alone Hospital mortality rates > 40%

Answer 27

Water to which solutes have been added High sodium containing fluids: volume resuscitation Low sodium fluids: disperse throughout intracellular and extracellular compartments, replacement/routine maintenance

Renal Flashcards

(51 cards)