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Y1 Body system lecture notes year 1 > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What is the purpose of the menstrual cycle

A

Generate oocyte
Facilitate fertilisation
Optimise endometrium for implantation
Protect developing embryo

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2
Q

What are the starting and end stages of menstrual cycle

A

Begins at menarche

Ends at menopause

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3
Q

When are the follicular phase, luteal phase, menstrual phase, proliferative phase, secretory phase

A

Ovarian cycle:
Follicular: days 1 -14
Luteal: days 14-28

Uterine cycle:
Menstrual: days 1-5
Proliferative: 5-14
Secretory: 14-28

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4
Q

What is GnRH

A

Decapeptide
Secreted by mid basal hypothalamic neurons
Hourly pulses
Transported to pituitary via hypophyseal portal blood system

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5
Q

How is GnRH secretion affected

A 
Bereavement
Anxiety
Time zone
Day/night
Exercise
Weight loss/gain
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6
Q

What is the function of FSH

A

Stimulates follicular activity thus promoting estradiol production from gransulosa cells

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7
Q

What is the function of LH

A

Triggers release of egg from dominant follicle

Promotes development of the corpus lute and the production of progesterone

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8
Q

What are the stages of follicular development

A

Primordial follicle -> primary/preantral follicle -> secondary/antral follicle -> preovulatory follicle -> ovulation

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9
Q

What is oral contraception

A 
Combined: contains estradiol and progesterone
Stead state levels
Inhibit GnRH/FSH/LH
Prevent ovulation
Thin endometrium
Tenacious mucus
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10
Q

What are the stages of implantation

A 
Shedding of ZP
Pre-contact blastocyst orientation
Apposition cellular contacts
Adhesion
Penetration of endometrium
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11
Q

What is hCG

A

Produced by trophoblast cells
Glycoprotein
Similar structure to LH, FSH
Luteotrophic: continues to stimulate the corpus luteum which produces progesterone
Production is autonomous (independent of hypothalamus and pituitary
Though to be the cause of morning sickness
Used in pregnancy test

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12
Q

What is seen at each week, since last menstrual period, of pregnancy from an ultrasound

A

5 weeks: gestation sac
6 weeks: foetal pole, yolk sac
7 weeks: foetal heart activity
8 weeks: foetal limbs, movement

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13
Q

What cardiovascular changes are seen from the mother

A 
40% increase in blood volume
Increase in red cell mass
Physiologic anaemia of pregnancy 
Increased cardiac output
Mechanism: oestrogen stimulation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
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14
Q

What respiratory changes are seen from the mother during pregnancy

A

Increased oxygen consumption
Respiratory compensation
Change in central control of respiration

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15
Q

What renal changes are seen from the mother during pregnancy

A

Increased renal blood flow
Increased GFR
Pelvicalyceal and ureteric dilation
Blasser capacity decreases

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16
Q

What GI changes are seen from the mother during pregnancy

A

Altered appetite
Lower oesophageal pressure
Incompetence of cardia (causes nausea)
Decreased motility (causes constipation)

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17
Q

What is the function of the placenta

A

Hormone production
Preferential acquisition nutrients and removal of toxins
Gas exchange

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18
Q

What is myometrial activity

A

Gradual preparation for labour as pregnancy progresses

Mechanical/ endocrine/ paracrine influences

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19
Q

What is labour

A

Regular painful contractions
Progressive effacement and dilation of the cervix
descent of the presenting part

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20
Q

What is the sequence signalling for labour

A

Endocrine from foetus -> cytokines -> prostaglandins -> oxytocin -> labour

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21
Q

What causes preterm parturition

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A

Uterine capacity
Cervical weakness
Placental abruption
Infection

22
Q

What is the pelvis

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A

Basin-shaped caudal end of body cavity

Continuous with abdomen above, surrounded by bony pelvis, limited below by pelvic floor/diaphragm

23
Q

What is the perineum

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A

Area inferior (superficial) to pelvic floor, bound by pelvic outlet, limited inferiorly by the skin

24
Q

What bones make up the pelvis

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A

Ilium
Pubis
Ischium

25
What are the functions of bony pelvis
Surface for muscle attachment: muscles of trunk and lower limb Transfers weight of trunk to: lower limbs (standing) or ischial tuberosity (sitting) Protect pelvic organs and developing embryo/ foetus
26
What is the SRY gene
The sex-dermining region of the Y chromosome Initiates production of testis-determining factor So determines male rather than female
27
Where does the reproductive system derive from
Intermediate mesoderm -> urogenital ridge -> urinary system and reproductive system
28
What happens to the indifferent gonad
Splits developmentally into two regions: outer cortex, inner medulla Fate of the regions is dependent on TDF production Female: cortical cords develop, medullary cords regress, no development of tunica albuginea Male: no cortical cords, medullary cords develop, tunica albuginea develop
29
How do the testis develop
Under influence of TDF primitive sex cords continue to develop into: Medullary (testis) cords: rete testis (hilum) Seminiferous tubules Tunica albuginea: connective tissue that develops around the testes
30
How do the ovaries develop
Medullary cords degenerate Surface epithelium continues to proliferate and produce secondary generation of cords: cortical cords Cortical cords split and surround oocytes in 5th month All oocytes are present at birth
31
How do the testes descend
Extraabdominal gubernaculum shortens, pulling tests towards the internal inguinal ring where the remain from 3rd to 7th month Gubernaculum shortens chain and bulls testes through the inguinal canal aided by pressure of growing abdominal organs Testes reach the scrotum by 9th month just before birth
32
How do the ovaries descend
Descend to pelvic brim Gubernaculum passes through inguinal canal and inserts into labia majora Persists in adult as the ovarian ligament proper and the round ligament of the uterus
33
What is the ideal contraceptive
``` Effective Convenient Reversible Safe Cheap Independent of medical profession Acceptable to every religion and culture Have non-contraceptive benefits ```
34
how do the uterus and vagina form
Cloaca divides into urogenital sinus and anus | Urogenital sinus develops sinovaginal bulbs that fuse with caudal tips of paramesonephric ducts to form vagina
35
What are the abnormalities of the uterus
Failure of paramesonephric ducts to fuse Failure of uterine septum to degenerate Failure of one paramesonephric duct to elongate
36
How do external genitalia develop
Mesoderm cells migrate to surround cloaca membrane and form elevated cloaca folds which unite anteriorly to form genital tubercle (future penis/ clitoris Cloacal folds divide into anal and uterus divisions Genital swellings appear next to urethral folds (future scrotum or labia majora) Male: genital tubercle elongates to form phallus genital swellings enlarge and move caudally Female: genital tubercle elongates to form clitoris Urethral folds do not fuse so form labia minora Genital swellings form labia majora Urogenital groove remains open
37
How is the penile urethra formed
Urethral folds pulled forward and form lateral walls of the urethral groove This is lined by epithelium and form urethral plate End of 3rd month: urethral folds close over urethral plate to form penile urethral groove and scrotal swellings fuse in midline (separated by scrotal septum)
38
What is hypospadias
Incomplete fusion of urethral folds Urethra opens on ventral surface of penis Difficulty urinating Can be repaired surgically using foreskin
39
What is epispadias
Condition usually arises as a result of the urethra opening on the dorsal surface of the penis Often associated with exstrophy of the bladder Results from the improper location of the genital tubercle posterior to urogenital sinus, urethral groove located on dorsal surface of penis
40
What is fertility
Measure of reproductive output, usually expressed as a fertility rate such as number of births per woman
41
What is fecundity
Potential to reproduce
42
What is maternal death
Death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of the end of the pregnancy from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes
43
What is direct maternal death
Resulting from obstetric complications of the pregnant state, from interventions, omissions, incorrect treatment, or from a chain of events resulting from these
44
What is indirect maternal death
Deaths resulting from previous existing disease or disease that developed during pregnancy and which was not the result of direct obstetric causes but which was aggravated by the physiological effects of pregnancy
45
What is late maternal death
Deaths resulting between 42 days and 1 year after the end pf pregnancy that are the result of direct or indirect maternal causes
46
What is coincidental maternal death
Deaths from unrelated causes which happen to occur during pregnancy or the puerperium
47
What are examples of direct maternal deaths
``` Thrombosis Haemorrhage Amniotic fluid embolism Genetic tract sepsis PET Early pregnancy Anaesthesia ```
48
What is endometritis
``` Infection within uterus Day 2-10 More common following section Offensive vaginal loss Symptoms: fever, malaise, headaches, abdominal pain, offensive lochia, secondary PPH ```
49
What is post part haemorrhage
Sudden and profuse blood loss or persistent increased blood loss Faintness, dizziness Palpitations, tachycardia Causes: tone, trauma, tissue infection, thrombin
50
What are the 2 triangles of the perineum
UT: urogenital triangle (urethra/vagina) AT: anal triangle: anus
51
What are the boundaries of the anal triangle
Medially: external anal sphincter and elevator and Laterally: obturator interns Inferiorly: subcutaneous tissue

Y1 Body system lecture notes year 1 (5 decks)

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