Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

FINALS > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

(43 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are some causes of haematuria?

A 
UTI, menstruation
Malignancy 
IgA nephropathy, Alport syndrome, glomerulonephritis 
PCKD
Anticoagulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What increases the risk of UTI?

A

Incontinence, constipation
Dehydration, obstruction
DM, immunosuppression, catheter, renal tract malformation, pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the classification for AKI?

A
  1. Creatinine 1.5-1.9 x baseline
    Oliguria <0.5ml/kg/hr for 6-12hrs
  2. Creatinine 2-2.9 x baseline
    Oliguria <0.5ml/kg/hr for >12hrs
  3. Creatinine >3 x baseline
    Oliguria <0.3ml/kg/hr for 24hrs OR anuria for 12hrs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some pre-renal causes of AKI?

A

D+V, haemorrhage, pancreatitis
Cardiogenic shock, MI
Sepsis, drugs
NSAIDs, ACEi, ARBs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some renal causes of AKI?

A

Glomerulonephritis, acute tubular necrosis
Sarcoid, infection
HUS, DIC, TTP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some post-renal causes of AKI?

A

Stone, malignancy, stricture, clot

BPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When should AKI be referred to renal?

A

Not responding to treatment
Hyperkalaemia, acidosis, fluid overload
Stage 3
Possible intrinsic renal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the general management of AKI?

A

Stop nephrotoxic drugs
Stop drugs with increased risk of renal complications
Avoid contrast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When and how should hyperkalaemia be treated?

A

K+ >6.5mmol/L or ECG changes

  1. Calcium gluconate
  2. IV insulin
  3. Salbutamol
  4. Refer to renal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the classification of CKD?

A
  1. > 90
  2. 60-89
    3a. 45-59 (mild-moderate)
    3b. 30-44 (moderate-severe)
  3. 15-29 (severe)
  4. <15 (kidney failure)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some causes of CKD?

A

Glomerular - minimal change, membranous, DM, amyloid
Interstitial - UTI, stones, pyelonephritis, sarcoid
Vessels - vasculitis, heart failure, TTP
Congenital - Alport’s, Fabry disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What should be included in a renal history?

A

Eyes, skin, joints
Symptoms of fluid overload
Symptoms of anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some signs of CKD?

A

Peripheral oedema, bruising, uraemic flap
Anaemia, rash
JVP
Transplant scar, fistula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When should CKD be referred to renal?

A

Stages 4 and 5
Proteinuria and haematuria
BP not controlled with 4 drugs
Genetic causes of CKD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the management of CKD?

A 
BP <140mmHg 
ACEi or ARB 
HbA1c <53 
Statin and aspirin 
Exercise, lose weight, low salt, smoking cessation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some complications of CKD?

A

Anaemia, oedema, bone mineral disorders, cardiovascular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some complications of haemodialysis?

A

Infection, thrombosis, block
Steal syndrome - hand ischaemia
Dysequilibrium - cerebral oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some contraindications to renal transplant?

Study These Flashcards
A

Cancer + mets, infection, HIV + viral replication, unstable cardiovascular disease

19
Q

What drugs are used for immunosuppression following transplant?

Study These Flashcards
A

Monoclonal antibodies
Calcineurin inhibitors - tacrolimus
Antimetabolites - mycophenolic acid
Glucocorticosteroids

20
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of nephritic syndrome?

Study These Flashcards
A

Haematuria, oliguria, hypertension, proteinuria

21
Q

What are some causes of nephritic syndrome?

Study These Flashcards
A 
IgA nephropathy 
HSP 
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis 
Anti-GBM disease 
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
22
Q

What are some features of IgA nephropathy?

Study These Flashcards
A

IgA deposition in mesangium
Asymptomatic haematuira
Slow indolent disease
ACEi or ARB

23
Q

What are some features of Henoch-Scholein purpura?

Study These Flashcards
A 
Small vessel vasculitis 
IgA deposition in skin/joints/gut/kidney 
Purpuric rash on extensors
Flitting polyarthritis 
Abdo pain
24
Q

What are some features of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

Study These Flashcards
A

Occurs after throat or skin infection
Strep antigen deposition in glomerulus - immune complex formation and inflammation
Treatment is supportive, antibiotics

25
What are some features of anti-GBM disease?
Auto-antibodies to type IV collagen found in glomerular basement membrane Renal - oliguria, haematuria, AKI, renal failure Lung - pulmonary haemorrhage (SOB, haemoptysis) Treatment - plasma exchange, steroids, cyclophosphamide
26
What are some features of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis?
Umbrella term for aggressive glomerulonephritis Small vessel vasculitis, lupus, anti-gbm Renal failure over days/weeks Breaks in GBM - influx of inflammatory cells Crescents seen on renal biopsy Steroids and cyclophosphamide
27
What is nephrotic syndrome?
1. Proteinuria >3g/24hr (P:CR >300mg/mmol) 2. Hypoalbuminaemia <30g/L 3. Oedema
28
What are some causes of nephrotic syndrome?
``` Minimal change disease Focal-segmental glomerulosclerosis Membranous nephropathy Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis DM, SLE, myeloma, amyloid, pre-eclampsia ```
29
What are some features of minimal change disease?
Does not cause renal failure Effacement of podocytes seen on electron microscopy Prednisolone 1mg/kg to induce remission If frequent relapses requires immunosuppression
30
What are some features of focal-segmental glomerulosclerosis?
May be secondary to HIV, heroin, lithium At risk of CKD and renal failure ACEi and BP control Steroids for primary disease
31
What are some features of membranous nephropathy?
Indolent disease Diffusely thickened GBM ACEi and BP control May be secondary to malignancy, hepatitis, malaria, SLE, RA, sarcoid
32
What are some features of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis?
Immune complex deposition or genetic mutation in complement pathway ACEi and BP control
33
What is the management of nephrotic syndrome?
Treat underlying cause - biopsy, steroids Reduce proteinuria - ACEi/ARB Reduce oedema - fluid and salt restriction, loop diuretics Reduce complications - LMWH, pneumococcal vaccine
34
What tests should be done for suspected glomerulonephritis?
``` FBC, UEs, LFTs, CRP ANA, ANCA, anti-dsDNA, anti-GBM Urine microscopy, bence-jones, P:CR CXR USS and biopsy ```
35
What is acute tubulointerstitial nephritis?
Immune reaction to drugs, infection or an inflammatory condition Rash, fever and eosinophilia
36
How do reactions to radio contrast present?
Nephropathy 48-72 hours after IV contrast | Prevent with pre-hydration with IV crystalloid
37
What is the inheritance and presentation of ADPKD?
Autosomal dominant Renal - loin pain, visible haematuria, hypertension Extrarenal - liver cysts, intracranial aneurysms, mitral valve prolapse, ovarian cysts
38
How is ADPKD diagnosed?
USS 15-39 years: >3 cysts 40-59 years: >2 cysts
39
What is tuberous sclerosis?
Harmatoma formation in skin, brain, eyes, heart and lungs Autosomal dominant Replacement of renal tissue --> renal failure
40
What is Von-Hippel Lindau?
Multisystem cancer syndrome due to uncontrolled activation of growth factors Autosomal dominant Renal cysts and clear cell carcinome
41
What is Alport syndrome?
Type IV collagen mutation X-linked recessive Haematuria, proteinuria and progressive insufficiency High tone sensorioneural hearing loss
42
What is Fabry disease?
Lysosomal storage disorder X-linked recessive Proteinuria and renal failure Lipid deposits seen in urine
43
What is cystinuria?
Cystine is not reabsorbed - stone formation Autosomal recessive Treat with diet and increased fluid intake

FINALS (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions