Renal

Question 1

Cuases of renal arterty stenosis?

Answer 1

atherosclerosis (older)

Renal fibromuscular dysplasia (connective tissue disorder) (younger)

Question 2

What hormone contributes to raised blood pressure in renal artery stenosis?

Answer 2

Renin (from juxtaglomerular cells)

Question 3

Symptoms of renal artery stenosis?

Answer 3

Hypertension
headaches
blurred vision

Question 4

Sign of renal artery stenosis

Answer 4

Renal bruit

Question 5

Management of renal artery stenosis

Answer 5

Managing HTN!
Medication
lifestyle factors

Question 6

What surgical procedure is done for renal artery stenosis

Answer 6

Balloon angioplasty
Stent
Graft bypass

Question 7

What inheritance pattern is seen in PKD

Answer 7

Autosomal dominant (adults)
Autosomal recessive (children)

Question 8

When do PKD symptoms start to show?

Answer 8

40+

Question 9

How does kidney size change in PKD

Answer 9

increase

Question 10

Cause of pain in PKD

Answer 10

Large kidneys
cyst rupture
cyst infection
Uric acid stone formation

Question 11

What kind of stones are common in PKD

Answer 11

Uric acid stones

Question 12

Leading cause of death in PKD?

Answer 12

complications of hypertension

bury anneurisms, LVH

Question 13

What medication should not be prescribed in PKD

Answer 13

Oestrogen medication

it can cause massive hepatic cysts

Question 14

in PKD what other organs can develop cysts?

Answer 14

Thyroid
Liver
Bowel
Ovaries
Testes
Uterus

Question 15

What chance does an affected parent have of passing the disease on?

Answer 15

50%

Question 16

Lifestyle management of PKD

Answer 16

Fluid intake >3L
Reduce salt intake
Avoid caffeine

Question 17

Medical management of PKD

Answer 17

ACEi or ARB

Tolvaptan (if rapid cyst formation)

Question 18

What is the tetrad of nephrotic syndromes?

Answer 18

Proteinuria
Dyslipidaemia (hypercholesterolaemia)
Hypoalbuminaemia
Peripheral oedema

Question 19

What cells are damaged by inflammation, causing nephrotic syndromes?

Answer 19

Podocytes

Question 20

Key symptoms of nephrotic syndromes?

Answer 20

Mass proteinuria
+/- proteinuria (dependant on extent of damage)
Increased infection risk

Question 21

What are the effects of mass proteinuria on the rest of the body in nephrotic syndromes?

Answer 21

Raised cholesterol (due to liver producing it alongside albumin)
Peripheral oedema (due to lower oncotic pressure in blood)

Question 22

What happens to the blood volume in nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 22

Decreased

due to it moving into tissues

Question 23

What hormone is produced in excess in nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 23

Renin

Question 24

Symptoms seen in nephrotic syndromes

Answer 24

Tiredness
Breathless (fluid overload/pleural effusion)
Frothy urine
Oedema

Question 25

Signs seen in nephrotic syndromes

Answer 25

Xanthelasma and xanthomata Leukonychia Oedema

Question 26

Causes of nephrotic syndromes

Answer 26

Diabetic nephropathy Connective tissue disorders Autoimmune disease

Question 27

What radiological investigation would you perform in nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 27

Chest X-ray Looking for pleural effusion Ultrasound Kidneys

Question 28

Hallmark features of nephritic syndromes

Answer 28

Haematuria Proteinuria Sterile pyuria Hypertension

Question 29

Red blood cell casts: nephrotic or nephritic?

Answer 29

Nephritic | Sometimes emerge as acanthocytes

Question 30

What number is used as the distinction between proteinuria in nephritic vs nephrotic?

Answer 30

3.5g/24h More is nephrotic Less is nephritic

Question 31

Which cells are damaged by inflammation in nephritic syndrome?

Answer 31

Capillaries in the glomerulus

Question 32

Goodpastures syndrome is itic or otic?

Answer 32

Nephritic

Question 33

3 main signs/symptoms of RCC

Answer 33

Flank pain Palpable mass in abdo or lower back Haematuria

Question 34

Where does pain from kidney stones radiate?

Answer 34

flank groin back

Question 35

Most common type of kidney stone?

Answer 35

Calcium oxalate

Question 36

What type of kidney stone is more common in chronic UTI?

Answer 36

Struvite

Question 37

Triad of symptoms in kidney stones

Answer 37

Fever Vomiting Flank pain