Renal Anatomy and Histology

Question 1

where are the points of constrictions for the ureters?

Answer 1

uretopelvic junction, over the common/external iliac, and the uretovesical junction

Question 2

what is the renal plexus made up of?

Answer 2

the lesser splanchnic nerve, the least splanchnic nerve, and the lumbar splanchnic nerve

Question 3

what are the nerve roots of the lesser splanchnic nerve?

Answer 3

T10-T11

Question 4

what are the nerve roots of the least splanchnic nerve?

Answer 4

T12

Question 5

what are the nerve roots of the lumbar splanchnic nerve?

Answer 5

L1-L2

Question 6

where do the lesser splanchnic and least splanchnic nerve synapse at?

Answer 6

at the aorticorenal ganglion

Question 7

what runs between the renal corpuscles?

Answer 7

the cortical (medullary) rays

Question 8

what are the cortical (medullary) rays?

Answer 8

an aggregation of collecting ducts and straight tubules within the cortex

Question 9

what is the cortical labyrinth?

Answer 9

it is found within the cortical rays; contains the renal corpuscles, the convoluted tubules, and the collecting tubules

Question 10

what is the uriniferous tubule?

Answer 10

the nephron+ the collecting tubule

Question 11

what does the nephron consist of?

Answer 11

the renal corpuscle and renal tubules

Question 12

what is the renal corpuscle composed of?

Answer 12

the glomerular capillary tuft and the bowman’s capsule

Question 13

what is the composition of the parietal layer of bowman’s capsule?

Answer 13

simple squamous epithelium

Question 14

what is the composition of the visceral layer of bowman’s capsule?

Answer 14

podocytes

Question 15

what does the glomerular endothelium secrete?

Answer 15

NO and PGE2

Question 16

what do the interdigitated pedicels form?

Answer 16

filtration slits

Question 17

what are the filtration slits covered by and what is an important component of this covering?

Answer 17

filtration slit diaphragm; nephrin

Question 18

what does albuminuria or hematuria indicate?

Answer 18

physical or functional damage to the GBM

Question 19

what makes up the filtration apparatus of the kidney?

Answer 19

glomerular endothelium, glomerular basement membrane, and visceral layer of bowman’s capsule

Question 20

what are the functions of the mesangial cells?

Answer 20

phagocytosis, structural support, secretion of IL-1, contractile

Question 21

what cell type makes up the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 21

simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium with an apical brush border/microvilli

Question 22

what glucose transporter does the proximal straight tubule contain?`

Answer 22

sGLT 1

Question 23

what epithelium makes up the thin segment of the loop of henle?

Answer 23

simple squamous epithelium without brush border

Question 24

what is the thin descending limb permeable to?

Answer 24

highly permeable to water; less permeable to NaCl

Question 25

what is the thin ascending limb permeable to?

Answer 25

highly permeable to NaCl; and impermeable to water

Question 26

what is the epithelium of the distal straight tubule/ thick ascending limb?

Answer 26

simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli but no visible brush border

Question 27

what is the epithelium of the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 27

simple cuboidal epithelium without brush border

Question 28

what does the DCT reabsorb?

Answer 28

Na+ and HCO3-

Question 29

what does the DCT secrete?

Answer 29

K+ and NH4+

Question 30

what is the epithelium of the collecting tubules/ cortical collecting ducts?

Answer 30

simple squamous to cuboidal epithelium

Question 31

what is the epithelium of the medullary collecting ducts?

Answer 31

simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium

Question 32

how are the collecting tubules distinguished from the proximal/distal tubules?

Answer 32

by their cell boundaries

Question 33

what are the two distinct cell types in the collecting tubules/ducts?

Answer 33

light cells (principal cells) and dark cells (intercalated cells)

Question 34

what are the light cells the target of?

Answer 34

ADH-regulated AQP2 channels

Question 35

what are the cell types of the dark cells and what do they secrete?

Answer 35

alpha intercalated: H+; and beta intercalated: HCO3-

Question 36

what is the primary function of the collecting tubules/ducts?

Answer 36

water reabsorption via aldosterone regulation

Question 37

where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus located and what is its role?

Answer 37

located near the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle; it regulates BP

Question 38

what are the chemoreceptors that sense low sodium?

Answer 38

macula densa

Question 39

what epithelium lines the calyces, ureters, bladder, and the initial segment of the urethra?

Answer 39

transitional epithelium

Question 40

what are the three layers of transitional epithelium?

Answer 40

superficial, intermediate, and basal

Question 41

what prevents the diffusion of urine into the transitional epithelium cells? and what are they made up of?

Answer 41

modified areas of plasma membranes celled plaques; uroplakin proteins

Question 42

the epithelium of the urethra changes based on location; what are the different epithelium of the urethra?

Answer 42

transitional epithelium: near the origin; pseudostratified columnar: majority of urethra; stratified squamous epithelium at distal end

Question 43

what glands empty into the spongy urethra?

Answer 43

cowper's and urethral glands