Renal and ureteric stones Flashcards
(10 cards)
What is renal or ureteric colic?
Renal or ureteric colic refers to acute, severe loin pain caused when a urinary stone moves from the kidney or obstructs the flow of urine.
What are the most common components of kidney stones?
Most kidney stones are composed of calcium salts such as calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate, while others may be made of struvite, uric acid, cystine, or other substances.
How are renal stones treated non-drug?
Watchful waiting for asymptomatic stones less than 5mm.
Surgical options such as shockwave lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, or ureteroscopy for larger or symptomatic stones.
Stone analysis and serum calcium measurement for recurrent stones.
Lifestyle modifications such as increased water intake (2.5–3 liters/day), normal calcium intake (700–1,200 mg/day), and avoidance of high oxalate or urate foods.
What first-line medication is recommended for pain management in renal colic?
NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are recommended as the first-line treatment for pain associated with renal colic or renal and ureteric stones.
What should be used if NSAIDs are contraindicated or ineffective for renal colic pain?
If NSAIDs are contraindicated or ineffective, consider intravenous paracetamol. If further relief is needed, opioids can be used as a last resort.
What type of medication can help in passing distal ureteric stones less than 10mm?
Alpha-adrenoceptor blockers such as doxazosin or alfuzosin can help facilitate stone passage by relaxing the ureteral smooth muscles, reducing spasms, and improving urinary flow.
What medication can be considered for recurrent calcium oxalate stones?
Potassium citrate can be considered in patients with recurrent stones, particularly if they are composed of at least 50% calcium oxalate. It works by alkalizing urine and inhibiting stone formation.
What dietary modifications should be considered for preventing kidney stones?
Increase fluid intake (2.5–3 liters/day)
Add fresh lemon juice to water
Limit carbonated drinks
Avoid excessive oxalate-rich foods (e.g., rhubarb, spinach, cocoa, nuts)
Limit urate-rich foods (e.g., liver, certain fish like sardines and anchovies)
What is the recommended treatment for urethral pain or discomfort caused by catheterization?
Lidocaine hydrochloride gel is used topically to relieve urethral pain or discomfort caused by catheterization.
How can urine alkalinization help relieve urinary discomfort in infections?
Urine alkalinization with potassium citrate or sodium bicarbonate can help relieve the discomfort associated with cystitis (bladder inflammation) and lower urinary tract infections by increasing the pH of the urine.
