Renal and Urologic Disorders

Question 1

What is the pathophysiology of Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis?

Answer 1

Damage to kidney filters causes low urine output, protein loss, and RBC breakdown; inflammation infiltrates the glomeruli, leading to third-spacing of fluid.

Question 2

What are key signs of Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis?

Answer 2

Low urine output, proteinuria, hematuria, edema, hypertension.

Question 3

How is Nephrotic Syndrome different from Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis?

Answer 3

Different causes but similar signs; characterized by major protein loss (hypoalbuminemia) and compensatory mechanisms like hyperlipidemia.

Question 4

What characterizes Chronic Glomerulonephritis?

Answer 4

Scarring and permanent damage to the glomeruli over time.

Question 5

What is Hydronephrosis?

Answer 5

Swelling of the kidney due to urine buildup, often caused by obstruction (e.g., kidney stones).

Question 6

What are common symptoms of obstructive kidney disorders?

Answer 6

Pain, UTI symptoms, nocturia, polyuria, difficulty concentrating urine, hypertension.

Question 7

What causes Renal Calculi (kidney stones)?

Answer 7

Supersaturation of urine with crystals, presence of a nidus, and lack of inhibitors like magnesium and citrate.

Question 8

What are symptoms of Renal Calculi?

Answer 8

Renal colic (sharp pain), non-colicky pain, hematuria.

Question 9

What causes Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)?

Answer 9

Bacterial infection, most commonly E. coli.

Question 10

What are manifestations of UTIs?

Answer 10

Frequent urination, burning during urination (dysuria), cloudy/foul-smelling urine, lower back pain, fatigue, mental status changes (especially in elderly).

Question 11

What are malignant tumors of the kidney?

Answer 11

Renal cell carcinoma (adults) and nephroblastoma/Wilms tumor (children).

Question 12

What are signs of renal malignancies?

Answer 12

Often silent early, later causing abdominal mass, pain, hematuria; Wilms tumor usually in kids <5 years old.

Question 13

What happens when kidneys fail?

Answer 13

Waste accumulates in the blood, urine output drops, leading to electrolyte imbalances and metabolic acidosis.

Question 14

What are the causes of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?

Answer 14

Prerenal (blood flow issue), intrarenal (direct kidney damage), postrenal (obstruction).

Question 15

What are signs of AKI?

Answer 15

Elevated BUN/creatinine ratio, azotemia, uremia, electrolyte imbalances.

Question 16

What causes Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)?

Answer 16

Ischemia or toxins causing direct damage to kidney tubules.

Question 17

What defines Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

Answer 17

Progressive, irreversible loss of kidney function; associated with hormone imbalances and vascular issues.

Question 18

What are the GFR stages of CKD?

Answer 18

G1: ≥90 (normal/high), G2: 60-89 (mild decrease), G3a: 45-59 (mild-mod decrease), G3b: 30-44 (mod-severe decrease), G4: 15-29 (severe decrease), G5: <15 (kidney failure)

Question 19

What causes Neurogenic Bladder?

Answer 19

Neurologic damage leading to inability to control bladder emptying.

Question 20

What causes Stress Incontinence?

Answer 20

Weak pelvic floor muscles, often after childbirth or aging; leakage with coughing, laughing, or jumping.

Question 21

What causes Urge Incontinence?

Answer 21

Overactive bladder muscles due to CNS damage, leading to sudden urge and involuntary loss of urine.

Question 22

What causes Overflow Incontinence?

Answer 22

Bladder overfilling due to obstruction or nerve damage, resulting in constant dribbling.

Question 23

What is the pathophysiology of Bladder Cancer?

Answer 23

Malignancy of transitional epithelial cells lining the bladder; associated with high cell turnover.

Question 24

What is the primary waste product that kidneys filter from blood?

Answer 24

Urea, creatinine, and excess electrolytes.

Question 25

What happens to fluid balance when kidney function declines?

Answer 25

Fluid retention can cause edema, hypertension, and pulmonary congestion.

Question 26

How does kidney failure affect acid-base balance?

Answer 26

Leads to metabolic acidosis due to impaired hydrogen ion excretion and bicarbonate reabsorption.

Question 27

What is the role of erythropoietin and how is it affected in CKD?

Answer 27

Stimulates RBC production; deficiency in CKD leads to anemia.

Question 28

What are signs of uremia?

Answer 28

Fatigue, nausea, mental status changes, itching, metallic taste in mouth, pericarditis.

Question 29

What electrolyte disturbances are common in kidney failure?

Answer 29

Hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia.

Question 30

What is dialysis and when is it indicated?

Answer 30

A procedure to remove waste and excess fluid when GFR is critically low (<15); used in CKD stage 5.

Question 31

What is the difference between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis?

Answer 31

Hemodialysis uses a machine and vascular access; peritoneal dialysis uses the peritoneal cavity and dialysate fluid.

Question 32

What hormone imbalance causes bone disease in CKD?

Answer 32

Impaired vitamin D activation and secondary hyperparathyroidism lead to renal osteodystrophy.

Question 33

Why is hypertension both a cause and a result of kidney disease?

Answer 33

It damages renal arteries and nephrons, and fluid overload due to kidney failure raises blood pressure.

Question 34

What is polyuria and what can cause it in kidney disorders?

Answer 34

Excessive urination, often due to impaired concentration ability in early kidney disease.

Question 35

What is nocturia?

Answer 35

Frequent urination at night; common in kidney disease due to poor urine concentration.

Question 36

What is anuria?

Answer 36

Very low urine output (<50 mL/day), indicating severe kidney failure or obstruction.

Question 37

What is the significance of proteinuria in kidney disorders?

Answer 37

Indicates glomerular damage and loss of selective filtration barrier.

Question 38

What is the purpose of calculating GFR?

Answer 38

To assess kidney function and stage CKD.

Question 39

What are the three main categories of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?

Answer 39

Prerenal: Decreased blood flow to kidneys (e.g., hypovolemia). Intrarenal: Direct damage to kidney tissue (e.g., ATN). Postrenal: Obstruction in urinary tract (e.g., stones, tumors).

Question 40

What is Azotemia?

Answer 40

Accumulation of nitrogenous waste products (like BUN and creatinine) in the blood due to impaired kidney function.

Question 41

What is Uremia?

Answer 41

Clinical syndrome of renal failure including azotemia plus systemic symptoms (nausea, confusion, fatigue, etc.).

Question 42

What are hallmark lab findings in AKI?

Answer 42

Disproportionate increase in BUN/Creatinine, electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis.

Question 43

What causes Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)?

Answer 43

Ischemia or toxins damaging the renal tubules.

Question 44

What is the pathophysiology behind Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

Answer 44

Progressive nephron loss leading to decreased GFR, waste retention, and hormonal/electrolyte imbalances.

Question 45

What are common manifestations of CKD?

Answer 45

Fatigue, anemia, electrolyte disturbances, bone disorders, cardiovascular disease, fluid overload.

Question 46

What happens to hormone balance in CKD?

Answer 46

Erythropoietin deficiency causes anemia; disrupted vitamin D and calcium balance leads to bone issues.

Question 47

What happens to filtration in advanced CKD?

Answer 47

Fewer functioning nephrons; dialysis may be required when GFR <15.

Question 48

What is the main classification system for CKD?

Answer 48

Based on GFR levels, categorized from G1 (≥90) to G5 (<15 = kidney failure).

Question 49

What is Neurogenic Bladder?

Answer 49

Bladder dysfunction caused by nervous system damage affecting voiding reflexes.

Question 50

What causes Stress Incontinence?

Answer 50

Weak pelvic muscles and urethral sphincter incompetence, often from childbirth or aging.

Question 51

When does Urge Incontinence occur?

Answer 51

When bladder muscles contract involuntarily due to CNS issues, causing sudden urge to urinate.

Question 52

What is Overflow Incontinence?

Answer 52

Bladder overfills without complete emptying, causing constant dribbling of urine.

Question 53

What type of cells are involved in Bladder Cancer?

Answer 53

Transitional epithelial cells lining the bladder.

Question 54

What is a risk factor for Bladder Cancer?

Answer 54

High cellular turnover; environmental exposures (e.g., smoking, industrial chemicals).