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EXAM 3: Pathophysiology > Reproductive system disorders > Flashcards

Reproductive system disorders Flashcards

Distinguish the pathophysiology and manifestations of disorders of the male reproductive glands: - Penis: congenital, acquired, and erectile disorders; - Scrotum & Testes: congenital, acquired, infections, and neoplasms; - Prostate: infections, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and cancer Outline the pathophysiology and manifestations of disorders of the female reproductive glands: - External genitalia & vagina: Bartholin gland, epithelial disorders, vaginitis, and cancer; - Cervix & uterus:

1
Q

What is hypospadias and its cause?

A

A congenital condition where the urethra opens on the ventral (underside) of the penis due to abnormal fusion of urethral tissue during embryogenesis.

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2
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of hypospadias?

A

Urethral opening on the underside of the penis; may be associated with other defects like undescended testes or inguinal hernia.

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3
Q

What is epispadias and its cause?

A

A congenital condition where the urethra opens on the dorsal (top side) of the penis due to abnormal urethral fusion.

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4
Q

What is phimosis and its effects?

A

Tight foreskin that cannot retract over the glans, leading to infection and hygiene difficulties.

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5
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

Foreskin is retracted and stuck behind the glans, causing pain, swelling, and risk of vascular compromise.

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6
Q

What is Peyronie disease?

A

Progressive fibrosis of the tunica albuginea leading to dense plaque formation, causing penile curvature and painful erections.

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7
Q

What is erectile dysfunction (ED) and its causes?

A

Inability to achieve or maintain an erection due to psychogenic, hormonal, neurologic, vascular, or drug-related causes.

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8
Q

What are clinical manifestations of erectile dysfunction?

A

Failure to achieve or maintain an erection, impacting sexual performance.

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9
Q

What is priapism and its types?

A

A prolonged erection lasting >4 hours. Ischemic: blocked venous outflow (painful). Non-ischemic: excess arterial inflow (less painful).

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10
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

Failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum, increasing the risk of infertility.

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11
Q

Why is cryptorchidism concerning?

A

High intra-abdominal temperature impairs sperm production, leading to infertility risk.

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12
Q

What are types of scrotal swelling?

A

Hydrocele (fluid), hematocele (blood), spermatocele (sperm-filled cyst), varicocele (dilation of testicular veins).

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13
Q

What is testicular torsion?

A

Twisting of the spermatic cord leading to vascular occlusion, ischemia, and loss of blood supply; a urologic emergency.

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14
Q

What are symptoms of testicular torsion?

A

Sudden severe pain, swelling, bruising, and a tender, high-riding testicle.

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15
Q

What is epididymitis and its cause?

A

Inflammation of the epididymis often due to infection spreading via the vas deferens or lymphatics.

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16
Q

What is orchitis?

A

Inflammation of the testes, commonly due to systemic infection (e.g., mumps) spreading through the bloodstream or lymphatics.

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17
Q

What causes scrotal cancer?

A

Linked to poor hygiene, chronic inflammation, HPV, or photochemotherapy exposure; mostly benign.

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18
Q

What are signs of scrotal cancer?

A

Wart-like growths on the scrotal skin.

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19
Q

What is the most common cancer in men 15–35?

A

Testicular cancer, usually malignant germ cell tumors.

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20
Q

What are manifestations of testicular cancer?

A

Painless testicular enlargement or a feeling of heaviness in the groin.

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21
Q

What is prostatitis?

A

Inflammation of the prostate gland, which can be acute bacterial, chronic bacterial, or chronic pelvic pain syndrome.

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22
Q

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

A

Noncancerous enlargement of the prostate due to hormonal changes, causing bladder neck and urethral compression.

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23
Q

What are symptoms of BPH?

A

Urinary frequency, urgency, weak stream, nocturia, and elevated PSA.

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24
Q

What is prostate cancer and its features?

A

Adenocarcinoma of the prostate, often asymptomatic until advanced, presenting with urinary obstruction and possible metastasis.

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25
What is a Bartholin gland cyst?
A fluid-filled sac resulting from blockage of the Bartholin duct, causing pain and tenderness.
26
What are symptoms of a Bartholin gland cyst?
Pain, tenderness, and dyspareunia; may form an abscess if infected.
27
What are nonneoplastic epithelial disorders of the vulva?
Benign hyperplastic changes including lichen simplex chronicus, lichen sclerosus, and lichen planus.
28
What is vulvodynia?
Chronic vulvar pain lasting ≥3 months without an identifiable cause; can be localized or generalized.
29
What is vaginitis?
Inflammation of the vagina causing discharge, burning, itching, redness, swelling, and pain with urination or intercourse.
30
What are clinical manifestations of vaginitis?
Discharge, burning, itching, redness, swelling, and dyspareunia.
31
What is unique about vaginal cancer?
Typically a secondary cancer spread from adjacent sites like the cervix or vulva.
32
What are symptoms of vaginal cancer?
Abnormal vaginal bleeding, discharge, palpable mass, and pain with intercourse.
33
What are cervical polyps?
Red, velvety lesions on the cervix due to inflammatory hyperplasia of endocervical mucosa.
34
What are symptoms of cervical polyps?
Often asymptomatic but may cause postcoital bleeding.
35
What causes cervical cancer?
Persistent high-risk HPV infection leading to dysplasia of basal cervical cells.
36
What are symptoms of cervical cancer?
Abnormal vaginal bleeding, spotting, discharge, and pelvic pain.
37
What is endometriosis?
Presence of functional endometrial tissue outside the uterus, causing cyclical bleeding and inflammation.
38
What are symptoms of endometriosis?
Pelvic pain, dyschezia, dyspareunia, back pain, and infertility.
39
What causes endometrial cancer?
Type I: excess estrogen; Type II: endometrial atrophy.
40
What are symptoms of endometrial cancer?
Painless vaginal bleeding, cramping, pelvic discomfort, and possible lymphadenopathy.
41
What are leiomyomas?
Benign smooth muscle tumors of the uterus (fibroids) sensitive to estrogen and progesterone.
42
What causes leiomyoma growth?
Hormonal fluctuations; estrogen and progesterone stimulate growth.
43
Where can leiomyomas occur?
Intramural, subserosal, pedunculated, or submucosal locations in the uterus.
44
What are symptoms of leiomyomas?
Menorrhagia, anemia, urinary frequency, constipation, abdominal distension, and pain.
45
What is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?
Polymicrobial infection of the upper reproductive tract ascending from the vagina to the ovaries.
46
What is the path of PID infection?
Vagina → endocervical canal → endometrial cavity → fallopian tubes → ovaries.
47
What are symptoms of PID?
Lower abdominal pain, fever, abnormal discharge, and infertility due to scarring.
48
How common is fallopian tube cancer?
Very rare; may present with nonspecific pelvic symptoms.
49
What are ovarian cysts?
Benign fluid-filled lesions of the ovary stimulated by LH; may rupture and cause pain.
50
What is polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?
An endocrine disorder with increased LH and androgens causing anovulation and menstrual irregularity.
51
What are symptoms of PCOS?
Irregular menses, anovulation, acne, hirsutism, and infertility.
52
What is ovarian cancer?
A silent gynecologic cancer often asymptomatic until advanced, leading to poor prognosis.
53
What are signs of ovarian cancer?
Abdominal bloating, pelvic fullness, and changes in bowel or bladder habits.
54
What is the second leading cause of cancer death in women?
Breast cancer.
55
What is the most common site of metastasis for breast cancer?
Lymph nodes, especially axillary.
56
What are risk factors for breast cancer?
Genetic mutations (BRCA1/BRCA2), family history, early menarche, late menopause, HRT, nulliparity.
57
What is the pathophysiology of breast cancer?
Malignant transformation of ductal or lobular epithelial cells with invasion via lymphatics and bloodstream.
58
What are early signs of breast cancer?
Painless lump, skin dimpling (peau d’orange), nipple retraction, unilateral bloody discharge.
59
What are signs of advanced breast cancer?
Fixed immobile mass, axillary lymphadenopathy, skin ulceration, bone pain.
60
What are the implications of BRCA1/2 mutations?
Increased lifetime risk of breast and ovarian cancer; early-onset, aggressive tumors.
61
What is the role of mammography?
Screening tool for early detection of non-palpable breast tumors.
62
What blood marker may be elevated in breast cancer?
CA 15-3 (used for monitoring, not diagnosis).
63
What determines the prognosis of breast cancer?
Tumor size and grade, lymph node involvement, and hormone receptor status (ER, PR, HER2).
64
What causes candidiasis?
Overgrowth of Candida albicans due to imbalance of vaginal flora.
65
What are symptoms of candidiasis?
Thick, white, odorless discharge with intense itching and irritation.
66
What causes bacterial vaginosis (BV)?
A shift in normal vaginal flora with decreased lactobacilli and increased anaerobes.
67
What are symptoms of BV?
Thin gray-white discharge with a foul fishy odor and no inflammation.
68
What causes trichomoniasis?
Sexually transmitted infection by Trichomonas vaginalis.
69
What are symptoms of trichomoniasis?
Vaginitis, itching, burning, and 'strawberry spots' on the cervix.
70
What causes chlamydia?
Chlamydia trachomatis, an intracellular bacterial pathogen.
71
What are manifestations of chlamydia?
Often asymptomatic; men: dysuria, discharge; women: cervicitis, PID, infertility.
72
What causes gonorrhea?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a gram-negative diplococcus.
73
What are symptoms of gonorrhea?
Men: purulent urethral discharge, dysuria; women: often asymptomatic, risk of PID.
74
What causes syphilis?
Treponema pallidum, a spirochete bacterium.
75
What are the stages of syphilis?
Primary: painless chancre; Secondary: rash, fever, sore throat; Tertiary: neurologic and cardiovascular lesions.
76
What is congenital syphilis?
Transmission from mother to fetus leading to serious birth defects.
77
What causes HPV?
Human papillomavirus types, especially 16 and 18, which are high risk for cancer.
78
What are symptoms of HPV?
Often asymptomatic; may cause genital warts and is linked to cervical cancer.
79
What causes genital herpes?
Herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2).
80
What are symptoms of genital herpes?
Recurrent painful blisters and ulcers, fever, headache, and malaise on initial infection.

EXAM 3: Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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