Renal Diseases

Question 1

Classifications of renal diseases:

Answer 1

Glomerular disorders
Tubular
Interstitial
Renal failure
Renal lithiasis

Question 2

What type of damage is the most common damage of the glomerulus?

Answer 2

Immunologic

Question 3

Chemical mediators and toxic substances can cause ________

Answer 3

Glomerular injury

Question 4

Causes of non-immunologic glomerular disorders:

Answer 4

• Exposure to chemicals and toxins
• Disruption of the electrical membrane charges
• Deposition of amyloid material
• Basement membrane thickening

Question 5

Glomerular injury leads to what?

Answer 5

Hematuria and proteinuria

Question 6

What is the major cause of immunologic glomerular disorder?

Answer 6

Accumulation of immune complexes

Question 7

What are the 3 ways that glomerular disorders can occur?

Answer 7

Asymptomatic hematuria/proteinuria
Acute nephritic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome

Question 8

Symptoms of ANS

Answer 8

Hematuria
Proteinuria
Oliguria
Azotemia
Edema
Hypertension

Question 9

Differenciate nephritic and nephrotic syndrome

Answer 9

Nephritic - (+) hematuria, (+) proteinuria
Nephrotic- (+) lipiduria, (+) proteinuria

Question 10

Explain the cause of lipiduria in nephrotic syndrome

Answer 10

The kidney eliminates large amounts of proteins through the urine. This will cause the liver to try and produce some lipoproteins, but they need to be catabolized first by lipases. The liver also produces Angiopoietin-like 4 (angptl4) which inhibits the lipases, causing lipiduria.

Question 11

A renal disease caused by infection of group A streptococcus

Answer 11

Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

Question 12

What renal disease presents a crescentic formation in the Bowman’s space?

Answer 12

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Question 13

A renal disease that has a pronounced thickening of the GBM and is associated with Hepatitis B

Answer 13

Membranous glomerulonephritis

Question 14

What renal disease is the major cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?

Answer 14

Membranous glomerulonephritis

Question 15

Differenciate Membranous Glomerulonephritis with Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis

Answer 15

Membranous - no involvement of mesangial cells

Membranoproliferative - involvement of mesangium

Question 16

Also known as lipid nephrosis

Answer 16

Minimal change disease

Question 17

Major cause of nephrotic syndrome in children

Answer 17

Lipid nephrosis / minimal change disease

Question 18

What causes lipid nephrosis?

Answer 18

T cell immunity dysfunction —> disrupt podocyte foot processes —> loss of shield of negativity

Question 19

IgA nephropathy may be mistaken as _______. This can be differenciated by testing for ______.

Answer 19

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

Serum IgA

Question 20

Acute gromerulonephritis may progress into ______.

Answer 20

Chronic gromerulonephritis

Question 21

Antiglomerular basement membrane disease is caused by what?

Answer 21

Cytotoxic autoantibodies

Question 22

When cytotoxic autoantibodies attack the alveolar basement membrane, it is now called _____

Answer 22

Goodpasture’s syndrome

Question 23

What is the old name of Granulomatosis with polyangiitis?

Answer 23

Wegener granulomatosis

Question 24

What happens in Granulomatosis w/ polyangiitis?

Answer 24

The presence of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA) binds to the neutrophils in the vascular walls —>immune response —> granuloma formation

Question 25

ANCA with antibodies that form perinuclear pattern ANCA with granular pattern throughout the cytoplasm

Answer 25

p-ANCA (perinuclear ANCA) c-ANCA (cytoplasmic ANCA)

Question 26

A renal disease that primarily occurs in children after a respiratory infection

Answer 26

Henoch-Schönlein Purpura

Question 27

Clinical tetrad of Henoch-Schönlein Purpura

Answer 27

No thrombocytopenia, palpable purpura Abdominal pain Hematuria Arthritis

Question 28

What is the most common hereditary nephritis?

Answer 28

Alport syndrome

Question 29

A renal disease that also manifests eye and/or ear problem

Answer 29

Alport syndrome

Question 30

How does Diabetes Mellitus cause glomerular damage?

Answer 30

Thickening of the GBM due to the loss of heparan sulfate

Question 31

A renal disease that may be due to decreased blood flow that causes damage to the tubules

Answer 31

Acute Tubular Necrosis

Question 32

Tubular disprders are classified into:

Answer 32

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) Tubular Dysfunction

Question 33

Difference of iATN and tATN

Answer 33

iATN - lack of oxygen, caused by shock, trauma, surgical procedures tATN - due to nephrotoxic substances

Question 34

What is wrong with the kidney in Fanconi syndrome?

Answer 34

The PCT cannot reabsorb substances

Question 35

Urinalysis findings in Fanconi syndrome:

Answer 35

Glycosuria (high urine glucose) Normal blood glucose

Question 36

In Renal Tubular Acidosis, what is wrong with the tubules? What happens to the blood and urine?

Answer 36

The tubules cannot secrete adequate hydrogen ions Acidic blood, alkaline urine

Question 37

Sodium reabsorption defect wherein the PCT cannot reabsorb sodium due to the activation of RAAS

Answer 37

Bartter's syndrome

Question 38

Sodium reabsorption defect wherein the PCT excessively reabsorbs sodium

Answer 38

Gordon's syndrome

Question 39

Sodium reabsorption defect wherein the DCT excessively reabsorbs sodium

Answer 39

Liddle's syndrome

Question 40

What happens in Uromodulin-associated Kidney Disease?

Answer 40

A mutation that leads to an abnormal amount of uromodulin will destroy RTEs. This will increase the serum uric acid, leading to complications such as gout

Question 41

Classification: Lower or Upper UTI Urethritis

Answer 41

Lower UTI

Question 42

Classification: Lower or Upper UTI Pyelonephritis

Answer 42

Upper UTI

Question 43

Classification: Lower or Upper UTI Cystitis

Answer 43

Lower UTI

Question 44

Classification: Lower or Upper UTI Pyelitis

Answer 44

Upper UTI

Question 45

85% of UTIs are caused by what?

Answer 45

Gram-negative rods (E. coli, P. mirabilis, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas)

Question 46

Acute pyelonephritis is caused by ______. In where?

Answer 46

Bacterial infection in the tubules

Question 47

Urinalysis findings in acute pyelonephritis

Answer 47

WBCs, bacteria, WBC casts

Question 48

A renal disease that results from allograft rejection

Answer 48

Acute interstitial nephritis

Question 49

In acute interstitial nephritis, what WBC is increased in the blood? What is its level in the urine?

Answer 49

Eosinophil No eosinophiluria

Question 50

Urinalysis findings in acute interstitial nephritis:

Answer 50

WBCs, WBC casts w/o bacteria, hematuria, proteinuria

Question 51

Yeast infections are common among _____

Answer 51

Women

Question 52

Give an example that causes yeast infections

Answer 52

Candida albicans

Question 53

How does yeast infections occur?

Answer 53

When the bacterial flora is disrupted due to antibiotics or change in the pH, fungi can thrive, causing an imfection.

Question 54

Sudden loss of renal function is called ______.

Answer 54

Acute renal failure

Question 55

Acute renal failure is caused by:

Answer 55

Sudden decrease in renal flow Acute glomerular or tubular diseases Renal calculi or obstructions