Renal Embryo

Question 1

the urogenital system is primarily derived from the

Answer 1

intermediate mesoderm

Question 2

the urogenital ridge, a longitudinal band of mesoderm on either side of the dorsal aorta, gives rise to the _________ cord, which provides the pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros

Answer 2

nephrogenic cord

Question 3

pronephric ducts run caudally and open into the _____

Answer 3

cloaca

Question 4

the pronephros appears early in the ____ week and degenerate by ______ days

Answer 4

4th week

24-25 days

Question 5

the pronephric ducts persist and are utilized by the ______

Answer 5

mesonephros

Question 6

mesonephros appears late in the _____ week caudal to the ______

Answer 6

4th week

pronephros

Question 7

the mesonephric ducts and mesonephric tubules are derivates of the

Answer 7

mesonephros

Question 8

in mesonephric development, the _____ develop first and induce formation of the _____ from the _______ mesoderm

Answer 8

ducts develop first and induce the tubules from the intermediate mesoderm

Question 9

renal corpuscles are formed from the ________ tubules

Answer 9

mesonephric tubules
medial end forms glomerular capsule
wraps around a glomerulus

Question 10

mesonephros is actively making urine during weeks

Answer 10

6-10
after 10, stops functioning and regresses in females
becomes efferent ductules in males

Question 11

the metanephros arises during the ____ week

Answer 11

5th

Question 12

the metanephros is made up of two parts

Answer 12

ureteric bud from mesonephric duct

metanphric blastema from nephrogenic cord

Question 13

the metanephros is functional by

Answer 13

9th/10th week

Question 14

metanephros is important in production of

Answer 14

amniotic fluid

Question 15

the ureteric bud elongates and penetrates the ______ to form the renal pelvis

Answer 15

penetrates the blastema

Question 16

the stalk of the ureteric bud becomes the ______

Answer 16

ureter

Question 17

the cranial part of the ureter bud as it penetrates the blastema becomes the

Answer 17

collecting tubules 
1st generation (four) branches = major calices 
2nd generation (four) branches = minor calices

Question 18

arched collecting tubules induce cells of the metanephrogenic blastema to form ________ _________

Answer 18

metanephric vesicles that elongate to form metanephric tubules

Question 19

metanephric tubules give rise to ______ at their proximal end and ____, ____, and ____ at their distal end

Answer 19

glomerular capsule at proximal end

PCT, DCT, and nephron loop

Question 20

Each DCT contacts a _______ to finish the loop and complete nephrogenesis

Answer 20

arched collecting tubule

Question 21

permanent kidneys initially lie within the pelvis but through development ______ in the abdomen

Answer 21

ascend

Question 22

hilum of the kidney rotates _____ degrees medially by the 9th week

Answer 22

90 degrees medially

Question 23

first renal arteries arise from the _______ ______, but definitive renal arteries typically come from the ______ ______

Answer 23

common iliacs first
–> involute
abdominal aorta

Question 24

unilateral renal agenesis

Answer 24

missing kidneys on one side
more common in males
typically asymptomatic
suspected in infants with 1 umbilical artery

Question 25

bilateral renal agenesis

Answer 25

missing both ya kidneys associated with oligohydramnios nonviable - pulmonary hypoplasia - reduced amniotic fluid = poor lung development potter syndrome (20%) - phenotypic facial malformation, clubbed legs from lack of amniotic fluid no communication from ureteric bud and blastema

Question 26

incomplete division of the kidney results in _____ kidney and _____ ureter

Answer 26

divided kidney and bifid ureter

Question 27

complete division of the kidney results in ______ kidney and _____ ureter

Answer 27

double kidney and bifid/separate ureters

Question 28

horseshoe kidney results from

Answer 28

fusion of inferior poles - caudal part of kidney asymptomatic ascent prevented by the inferior mesenteric artery

Question 29

bladder forms from the ______, a portion of the _______ (endoderm)

Answer 29

urogenital sinus, a portion of the cloaca

Question 30

urogenital sinus is critical for bladder development and consists of three parts

Answer 30

ventral part - most of urinary bladder PElvic part - neck of bladder, (m = prostatic urethra, f = urethra) Phallic part - m = spongy urethra, f = lining of vaginal vestibule

Question 31

between weeks ____ and ____, the mesonephric ducts is incorporated into the posterior wall of the bladder

Answer 31

4 - 6

Question 32

mesonephric ducts grow inferior along the posterior wall of the bladder while the ureteric buds remain high on the bladder to form the

Answer 32

trigone

Question 33

trigone is made up of

Answer 33

mesonephric duct derivative and ureter dervative

Question 34

mesonephric ducts _____ while ureter openings stay separate in the trigone

Answer 34

mesonephric ducts fuse

Question 35

bladder develops primarily from

Answer 35

vesical part of urogenital sinus

Question 36

bladder is continuous with the ____ (constricts and forms the urachus)

Answer 36

allantois

Question 37

contributions to the bladder Epithelium is formed from ______ Submucosa and muscularis is derived from _______ ______ Trigone is made up of _________ ______

Answer 37

epithelium = endoderm (urogenital sinus) Submucosa and muscularis = splanchnic mesoderm Trigone = intermediate mesoderm

Question 38

exstrophy of the bladder occurs as a result of _____ body folding and is characterized as

Answer 38

``` body folding (4 weeks) Defective closure of the ventral abdominal wall exposes mucosa of the posterior wall of bladder ```

Question 39

epispadias are abnormalities in

Answer 39

the positioning of the urethra on the penis | normally on the ventral side of genital tubercle, in epispadias occurs on the ventral side

Question 40

urachal cysts are remnants of the epithelial lining that can

Answer 40

become infected and enlarged

Question 41

urachal sinus may remain open, connecting the

Answer 41

bladder (inferior region) or umbilicus (superior region)

Question 42

urachal fistula allows urine to escape from

Answer 42

umbilicus

Question 43

chromaffin cells are derived from _____ and secrete:

Answer 43

NCC - postganglionic sympathetic neurons | secrete Epi and NE

Question 44

fetal cortex of the Suprarenal gland secrete ______ which is converted to estradiol, which is essential for maintaining pregnancy

Answer 44

``` secretes dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) also secretes ACTH and glucocorticoids ```