Renal Function

Question 1

approximately, how many nephrons does a kidney contain?

Answer 1

1 to 1.5 million

Question 2

functional units of the kidney

Answer 2

nephron

Question 3

2 types of nephrons

Answer 3

cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 4

cortical nephrons make up approximately how any percent of the total nephrons?

Answer 4

85%

Question 5

cortical nephrons are situated where?

Answer 5

cortex of the kidney (outer / external)

Question 6

cortical nephrons are responsible primarily for the?

Answer 6

removal of waste products and reabsorption of nutrients

Question 7

juxtamedullary nephrons have longer?

Answer 7

loops of henle

Question 8

juxtamedullary nephrons: primary function

Answer 8

concentration of the urine

Question 9

4 main renal functions

Answer 9

renal blood flow
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

Question 10

this supplies blood to the kidney

Answer 10

renal artery

Question 11

the kidney receives around __% of the blood pumped through the heart

Answer 11

25%

Question 12

blood enters the capillaries of the nephron through the?

Answer 12

afferent arteriole

Question 13

after the afferent arteriole, blood flows through where next?

Answer 13

glomerulus

Question 14

after the glomerulus, blood flows through where next?

Answer 14

efferent arteriole

Question 15

blood flow in the nephron (3 locations)

Answer 15

afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole

Question 16

the varying sizes of the afferent and efferent arterioles help create what?

Answer 16

hydrostatic pressure differential

Question 17

hydrostatic pressure differential is important for?

Answer 17

glomerular filtration
maintenance of glomerular capillary pressure consistency
renal blood flow within the capillaries

Question 18

smaller arteriole

Answer 18

efferent arteriole

Question 19

why is the efferent arteriole smaller?

Answer 19

increases the glomerular capillary pressure

Question 20

blood in the nephron returns to the?

Answer 20

renal vein

Question 21

after going to the renal vein, blood from the efferent arterioles enters the ___ ___ and the ___ ___.

Answer 21

peritubular capillaries
vasa recta

Question 22

after going to the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta, the blood flows slowly through the?

Answer 22

cortex and medulla

Question 23

the peritubular capillaries surround the?

Answer 23

proximal and distal convoluted tubules

Question 24

why do the peritubular capillaries surround the proximal and distal convoluted tubules?

Answer 24

immediate reabsorption of essential substances from the fluid in the proximal convoluted tubule
final adjustment of the urinary composition in the distal convoluted tubule

Question 25

vasa recta location

Answer 25

adjacent to the ascending and descending loops of henle in juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 26

the ___ ___ is located adjacent to the ascending and descending loops of henle int he juxtamedullary nephrons

Answer 26

vasa recta

Question 27

major exchanges of water and salts take place between the ___ and the ___ ___

Answer 27

blood and the medullary interstitium

Question 28

major exchanges of ___ and ___ take place between the blood and the medullary interstitium

Answer 28

water and salts

Question 29

the exchange of water and salts maintain the ___ ___ in the medulla

Answer 29

osmotic gradient

Question 30

the osmotic gradient is necessary for?

Answer 30

renal concentration

Question 31

the total renal blood flow is approximately?

Answer 31

1200 mL/min

Question 32

the total renal plasma flow ranges from?

Answer 32

600-700 mL/min

Question 33

normal values for renal blood flow and renal function tests depend on?

Answer 33

body size

Question 34

what is the average body surface?

Answer 34

1.73m^2

Question 35

the glomerulus consists of a coil of approximately ___ capillary lobes

Answer 35

8

Question 36

the walls of the 8 capillary lobes are referred to as the?

Answer 36

glomerular filtration barrier

Question 37

the glomerulus is located within the?

Answer 37

bowman capsule

Question 38

the bowman capsule forms the beginning of the?

Answer 38

renal tubule

Question 39

true or false: the glomerulus serves as a SELECTIVE filter of plasma substances with molecular weights less than 70,000

Answer 39

false, non-selective

Question 40

the glomerulus serves as a non-selective filter of plasma substances with molecular weights less than?

Answer 40

70,000

Question 41

4 factors that influence the filtration process of the glomerulus

Answer 41

cellular structure of the capillary walls and bowman capsule hydrostatic pressure oncotic pressure renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (raas)

Question 42

plasma filtrate must pass through 3 glomerular filtration barrier cellular layers

Answer 42

capillary wall membrane basement membrane (basal lamina) visceral epithelium of the bowman capsule

Question 43

the endothelial cells of the capillary wall differ from those in other capillaries by containing ___

Answer 43

pores

Question 44

the endothelial capillaries contain pores and are referred to as?

Answer 44

fenestrated endothelium

Question 45

the pores ___ capillary permeability but do not allow the passage of large molecules and blood cells

Answer 45

increase

Question 46

the pores increase capillary permeability but do not allow the passage of?

Answer 46

large molecules and blood cells

Question 47

further restriction of large molecules occurs as the filtrate passes through the ___ ___ and the ___ ___ covering the filtration slits formed by the intertwining foot processes of the podocytes of the inner layer of the bowman capsule

Answer 47

basement membrane thin membranes

Question 48

the barrier contains a ___ ___ ___ that repels molecules with a negative charge even though they are small enough to pass through the three layers of the barrier

Answer 48

shield of negativity

Question 49

the shield of negativity in the glomerular filtration barrier repels molecules with a ___ charge

Answer 49

negative

Question 50

the shield of negativity is important because it is the place where ___ has a negative charge and is repelled

Answer 50

albumin