Renal Function and Renal Function Test

Question 1

Functional unit of kidney; maintain body’s essential water & electrolyte balances

Answer 1

Nephron

Question 2

Consist of coil 8 capillary lobes

Answer 2

Glomerulus

Question 3

Surrounding glomerulus; starts the forming of tubules

Answer 3

Bowman’s Capsule

Question 4

Known as Peritubular capillary; surrounds PCT for immediate reabsorption

Answer 4

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

Question 5

Located adjacent to the ascending & descending loop of henle

Answer 5

Vasa recta

Question 6

Renal Function:

(4 points)

Answer 6

Renal Blood Flow
Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion

Question 7

Renal Blood Flow

Answer 7

RENAL ARTERY that supplies blood to kidney

AFFERENT ARTERIOLE (unfiltered)

GLOMERULUS (filtration)

EFFERENT ATERIOLE

PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES

VASA RECTA (water & salt exchange)

RENAL VEIN

Question 8

over ____% kidney’s receive large blood flow

Answer 8

25%

Question 9

Average body size

Answer 9

1.73m^2

Question 10

Total renal BLOOD flow

Answer 10

1200 mL/min

Question 11

Total renal PLASMA flow

Answer 11

600-700 mL/min

Question 12

Served as a sieve or a filter of plasma substances with molecular weight of:

Answer 12

Glomerulus

MW: <70,000

Question 13

Served as a sieve or a filter of plasma substances with molecular weight of:

Answer 13

Glomerulus

MW: <70,000

Question 14

Factors that influence the actual filtration process:

(3 points)

Answer 14

• cellular structure of capillary walls & Bowman’s capsule
• hydrostatic & oncotic pressure
• feedback mechanisms of RENINANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM

Question 15

Cellular layer that contains pores (fenestrated)

Answer 15

Cellular wall membrane

Question 16

Restriction of large molecules occurs as the filtrate passes

Answer 16

Basement Membrane

Question 17

thin membranes covering the filtration slits formed by the intertwining foot processes of the podocytes of the inner layer of Bowman’s capsule

Answer 17

Visceral epithelium of Bowman’s capsule

Question 18

necessary to overcome the opposition of pressure from the fluid from the Bowman’s capsule and the ONCOTIC PRESSURE of unfiltered plasma protein.

Answer 18

Hydrostatic Pressure

Question 19

Inadequate supply of blood in glomerulus will cause

Answer 19

Vasolidation/Vasoconstriction

Question 20

BP drops

Dilation of _______ arterioles
Constriction of _______ arterioles

Answer 20

afferent
efferent

Question 21

Autoregulatory mechanism within the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 21

Hydrostatic Pressure

Question 22

regulates the flow of blood to and within the glomerulus.

Answer 22

RAAS (Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System)

Question 23

This system respond to changes in blood pressure and plasma sodium content

Answer 23

RAAS (Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System)

Question 24

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System is monitored by

Answer 24

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Question 25

FUNCTIONS OF ANGIOTENSIN II:

Answer 25

1. Vasodilation of afferent & vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole. 2. Stimulate Sodium reabsorption in the (PCT). 3. Release of the Aldosterone from adrenal cortex. 4. Release of Antidiuretic hormone from hypothalamus.

Question 26

TUBULAR REABSORPTION The body cannot lose _____ of water-containing essential substances every minute

Answer 26

120 mL

Question 27

Reabsorption Mechanism

Answer 27

1. Active Transport 2. Passive Transport

Question 28

Plasma concentration at which active transport stops

Answer 28

Renal Threshold

Question 29

Exceeding the renal threshold of substances affects the ________ capacity of the tubules, leading to the appearance of the ______ in the urine

Answer 29

Maximal reabsorptive substance

Question 30

Location of Glucose Amino acids Salts

Answer 30

Promixal Convoluted Tubule

Question 31

Location of Sodium

Answer 31

PCT and DCT

Question 32

Location of Water

Answer 32

PCT Descending Loop of Henle Collecting Duct

Question 33

Location of Urea

Answer 33

PCT Ascending Loop of Henle

Question 34

Location of Sodium

Answer 34

Ascending loop of henle

Question 35

TUBULAR CONCENTRATION Water is removed by osmosis in the_______ loop of Henle, and sodium and chloride are reabsorbed in the______ loop

Answer 35

Descending loop of henle Ascending Loop of Henle

Question 36

selective reabsorption process; maintain the osmotic gradient of the medulla

Answer 36

Countercurrent mechanism

Question 37

final concentration of the filtrate through the reabsorption of water begins in the late distal convoluted tubule and continues in the collecting duct.

Answer 37

Collecting duct concentration

Question 38

Reabsorption depends on the osmotic gradient in the _____ and the hormone _____

Answer 38

medulla VASOPRESSIN (ADH)

Question 39

Reabsorption depends on the osmotic gradient in the _____ and the hormone _____

Answer 39

medulla VASOPRESSIN (ADH)

Question 40

Production of vasopressin is determined by the ________.

Answer 40

state of body hydration

Question 41

Tubular Secretion functions:

Answer 41

1. Elimination of waste products not filtered by glomerulus 2. Regulation of acid base balance (secretion of hydrogen ions)

Question 42

standard tests used to measure the filtering capacity of the glomeruli

Answer 42

Clearance Test

Question 43

STANDARD METHOD for GFR; Demonstrate progression of renal disease or response to therapy

Answer 43

Urea Clearance Test

Question 44

True or False Urea Clearance Test gives reliable estimates of GFR (40% filtered urea is reabsorbed)

Answer 44

False

Question 45

REFERENCE METHOD for GFR; Not routinely done because of the necessity for continuous IV infusion

Answer 45

Inulin Clearance Test

Question 46

Most commonly used; screening method of GFR

Answer 46

Creatinine Clearance Test

Question 47

Determines the functional capacity of nephrons

Answer 47

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Question 48

Determines the extent of nephron damage in known cases of renal disease.

Answer 48

Creatinine Clearance

Question 49

Indirect estimate of GFR; A low molecular weight protease inhibitor

Answer 49

Cystatin C

Question 50

rise has been shown to be more sensitive indicator of decrease in GFR than creatinine clearance.

Answer 50

Beta 2 Microglobulin

Question 51

routinely screening patients as part of metabolic profile; to monitor patients already diagnosed with renal disease or at risk for renal diseas

Answer 51

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rates