Renal, Genitourinary & Breast Pathology - Exam III

Question 1

The kidney is very rich in:

Answer 1

blood supply

Question 2

What is the yellowish tissue sitting on top of the kidney?

Answer 2

adrenal gland?

Question 3

What is the difference between hematuria and hemaglobinuria

Answer 3

Hematuria- red blood cells in your urine-

Hemaglobinuria- hemoglobin in your urine- Red/clear coca-cola urine

Question 4

The kidney is described as structurally complex, explain:

Answer 4

only 0.4% of body weight but filters 25% of blood through the glomeruli

Question 5

How much of the total body weight does the kidney comprise?

Answer 5

0.4%

Question 6

The kidney filters ___% of blood through ___

Answer 6

25%; glomeruli

Question 7

The kidney is responsible for excretion of:

Answer 7

nitrogenous waste products of metabolism

Question 8

The kidney is responsible for regulation of:

Answer 8

body water & electrolytes

Question 9

The kidney excretes nitrogenous waste products of metabolism- cleans the blood- and turns ____ into urine

Answer 9

1.5 liters

Question 10

The kidney is responsible for maintaining appropriate ____ balance

Answer 10

acid-base

Question 11

The kidney is considered a ___ organ meaning it secretes:

Answer 11

endocrine; hormones

Question 12

What are two hormones secreted by the kidney?

Answer 12

1. renin
2. erythropoietin

Question 13

The kidney secretes renin which functions in:

Answer 13

blood pressure

Question 14

The kidney secretes erythropoietin which causes:

Answer 14

proliferative effect on bone marrow to make RBCs

Question 15

Label the following:

Answer 15

A: Ureter
B: Medial margin
C: Renal pelvis
D: Renal vein
E: Renal artery
F: Hilus
G: Medial margin
H: Fibrous capsule
I: Superior extremity
J: Lateral margin
K: Stellate veins
L: Inferior extremity

Question 16

Label the following image:

Answer 16

A: Cortex
B: Medulla (pyramid)
C: Minor Calyces
D: Major Calyces
E: MInor Calyces

Question 17

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 17

nephron

Question 18

The morphological components of the nephron include (3):

Answer 18

1. glomeruli
2. convoluted tubules
3. collecting ducts

Question 19

Label the following image:

Answer 19

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 20

What element of the kidney is responsible for controlling blood pressure?

Answer 20

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 21

Label the white boxes:

Answer 21

top box: JG cells

bottom box: Macula Densa

Question 22

Where are juxtaglomerular cells located? What is their function?

Answer 22

located in wall of afferent arteriole; sensor for blood pressure

Question 23

Where is the macula densa located? What is its function?

Answer 23

located in wall of distal convoluted tubule; sensor for sodium

Question 24

Juxtaglomerular cells are a sensor for ____, while the macula densa is a sensor for ____

Answer 24

blood pressure; sodium

Question 25

Complex of the kidney responsible for controlling blood pressure:

Answer 25

juxtaglomerular complex

Question 26

Elevation of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels:

Answer 26

azotemia

Question 27

Azotemia is the elevation of:

Answer 27

blood urea. nitrogen and creatinine levels

Question 28

Azotemia is usually related to:

Answer 28

reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Question 29

Azotemia is associated with many ____ but also may be associated with ___

Answer 29

primary renal disorders; extra-renal disorders

Question 30

What are the two categories of extra-renal azotemia?

Answer 30

1. pre-renal azotemia 2. post-renal azotemia

Question 31

Extra-renal azotemia that occurs due to hypofusion of the kidneys that decreases GFR in the absence of parenchymal damage:

Answer 31

Pre-renal azotemia

Question 32

Extra-renal azotomia that is due to urine flow obstruction below the level of the kidney:

Answer 32

post-renal azotemia

Question 33

Pre-renal azotemia that that occurs due to urine flow obstruction below the level of the kidney:

Answer 33

post-renal azotemia

Question 34

Give an example of a condition that may lead to pre-renal azotemia:

Answer 34

CHF or blood loss due to trauma

Question 35

Give an example of a condition that may lead to post-renal azotemia:

Answer 35

stone in ureter

Question 36

Progression of azotemia to produce clinical manifestations and systemic biochemical abnormalities:

Answer 36

uremia

Question 37

Uremia results from failure of:

Answer 37

renal excretory function

Question 38

What type of alterations are associated with uremia?

Answer 38

metabolic & endocrine

Question 39

Uremia can be described as a ___ condition:

Answer 39

chronic

Question 40

Uremia is not only a kidney disease but can also have:

Answer 40

multi-organ involvement

Question 41

Secondary involvement of organ systems is uremia include:

Answer 41

1. uremic gastroenteritis 2. peripheral neuropathy 3. uremic fibrinous pericarditis 4. uremic stomatitis

Question 42

Glomerular syndrome characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, severe edema, hyperlipidemia and lipiduria:

Answer 42

Nephrotic syndrome

Question 43

Glomerular syndrome characterized by acute onset of grossly-visible hematuria, mild-to-moderate proteinuria, azotemia, edema and hypertension (classic presentation of acute post-streptococcal glomerularnephritis)

Answer 43

Nephritis syndrome

Question 44

Oligouria or anuria with recent onset of azotemia. May result from glomerular injury or acute tubular necrosis:

Answer 44

acute renal failure

Question 45

Prolonged symptoms and signs of uremia- the end result of all renal disease:

Answer 45

chronic renal failure

Question 46

Bacteriuria and pyruiria- symptomatic or asymptomatic- kidney and/or bladder involvement:

Answer 46

urinary tract infections

Question 47

Urinary tract infection involving the kidney:

Answer 47

pyelonephritis

Question 48

Urinary tract infection involving the bladder:

Answer 48

cystitis

Question 49

Kidney stones- colic, hematuria:

Answer 49

nephrolithiasis

Question 50

Urinary tract obstruction & renal tumors are both:

Answer 50

clinical manifestations of renal disease

Question 51

- glomerular syndrome - a non-specific disorder in which the kidneys are damaged, causing them to leak large amounts of protein form the blood into the urine - heavy proteinuria - hypoalbuminemia - severe edema - hyperlipidemia - lipiduria

Answer 51

Nephrotic syndrome

Question 52

Trigger words for nephrotic syndrome:

Answer 52

protein (large amounts of protein from blood into urine) & severe edema

Question 52

- glomerular syndrome - a non-specific disorder in which the kidneys are damaged, causing them to leak protein and red blood cells from the blood into the urine - acute onset - grossly-visible hematuria - mild-to-moderate proteinuria - azotemia - edema - hypertension

Answer 52

Nephritic syndrome

Question 52

Trigger words for nephritic syndrome:

Answer 52

protein AND red blood cells (leak from the blood into urine) ; grossly-visible hematuria & hypertension

Question 53

An immune-mediate disease of the renal glomeruli:

Answer 53

glomerulonephritis

Question 54

What is the treatment for glomerulonephritis?

Answer 54

steroid treatment

Question 55

AN infection of the kidney (NOT glomerulus) usually caused by bacteria and of retrograde origin:

Answer 55

pyelonephritis

Question 56

What is the treatment for pyelonephritis?

Answer 56

antibiotic treatment

Question 57

Postinfectious glomerulonephritis =

Answer 57

post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

Question 58

Acute onset of nephritis syndrome in 9-14 days following streptococcal infection:

Answer 58

post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

Question 59

Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is the acute onset of ____ in ___ days following ____ infection

Answer 59

nephritic syndrome; 9-14 days; streptococcal

Question 60

Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is due to a ____ immune injury (immune complex-mediated inflammation)

Answer 60

Type III immune injury

Question 61

What is the LEAST common pathway of renal infection?

Answer 61

hematogenous dissemination

Question 62

What is the MOST common pathway of renal infection?

Answer 62

Ascending infection

Question 63

One cause of renal infection leading to pyelonephritis is due to ___ bacteria from ___

Answer 63

fecal; perineal area