Renal Histology

Question 1

At what point does filtrate become urine?

Answer 1

• when it reaches the storage level

- minor calyxes

Question 2

What is contained within the cortex of the kidney?

Answer 2

• stellate vessels
• renal columnds
• glomeruli
• corpuscles
• some tubules
• small amounts of type I collagen

Question 3

What is contained within the medulla of the kidney?

Answer 3

• Loops of henle
• Vasa recta
• collecting ducts
• Hyaluronate and Type I collagen

Question 4

What are the structures of the nephron in order of flitrate flow?

Answer 4

• bowman’s space
• long proximal convoluted tubule
• short proximal straight tubule
• thin descending limb
• thin ascending limb
• thick ascending limb
• Distal convoluted tubule
• connecting tubule
• collecting tubules
• collecting duct

Question 5

What are the two types of nephrons?

Answer 5

• juxtamedullary

- superficial

Question 6

What arteries sprout off of the arcuate artery?

Answer 6

-interlobular arteries

Question 7

What type of endothelium do capillaries that are contained within the glomerulus have?

Answer 7

-continuous fenestrated endothelium

Question 8

What is the internal layer of the basal lamina of the glomerulus?

Answer 8

-lamina densa

Question 9

What is contained within the lamina densa?

Answer 9

• fibronectin

- some type Iv collagen

Question 10

What is the external layer of the basal lamina of the glomerulus?

Answer 10

-internal and external lamina rara

Question 11

What is contained within the elamina rara?

Answer 11

• heparin sulfate

- laminin

Question 12

What type of epithelium is the parietal portion of the bowman’s capsule?

Answer 12

-squamous epithelium

Question 13

What type of epithelium is the visceral bowman’s capsule made of?

Answer 13

-podocytes

Question 14

What are podocytes?

Answer 14

Specialized endothelial cells that form the interdigitations through which blood is filtered.

Question 15

What is the Macula densa?

Answer 15

• the area where the distal tubule comes into contacts with the mother glomerulus
• sensitive to the concentration of sodium and chloride

Question 16

(T/F) the basment membrane formed by the endothelial cells and podocytes is largely negative.

Answer 16

T

Question 17

What type of intermediate filament is found in podocytes?

Answer 17

cytokeratin

Question 18

What is podocalyxin?

Answer 18

• secreted by podocytes

- negatively charged substance that contributes to electric barrier of basement membrane

Question 19

What protein are filtration slits of the podocyte made of?

Answer 19

-nephrin proteins

Question 20

What do filtration slits do?

Answer 20

-they block many small proteins from being filtered

Question 21

At what point is the fluid filtered in the glomerulus considered filtrate?

Answer 21

once it passes through the filtration slits

Question 22

What proportion of the glomerular endothelial cell is covered by podocytes?

Answer 22

2/3

Question 23

What proportion of the glomerular endothelial cell is covered by mesangial cells?

Answer 23

1/3

Question 24

What do mesangial cells do?

Answer 24

• phagocytose debris
• contract
• sample blood glucose
• proliferate in disease

Question 25

What type of intermediate filament is found within mesangial cells?

Answer 25

vimentin AND Desmin

Question 26

What is a glomerulopathy?

Answer 26

- occurs when the filtration barrier in the glomerulus becomes leaky - can get protein and blood in the urine

Question 27

What does angiotensin II do to mesangial cells?

Answer 27

increase contractility

Question 28

What does ANF do to mesangial cells?

Answer 28

decrease contractility

Question 29

Where in the tubular system are there the most microvilli?

Answer 29

PCT lumen

Question 30

What type of intermediate filament do epithelial cells in the loop of henle have?

Answer 30

cytokeratin

Question 31

What type of epithelium does the loop of henle have?

Answer 31

squamous

Question 32

What type of epithelium does the distal convoluted tubule have?

Answer 32

simple cuboidal

Question 33

What type of epithelium does the PCT have?

Answer 33

Low columnar with a glycocalyx

Question 34

What type of epithelium do the collecting tublules and ducts have?

Answer 34

tall columnar

Question 35

What causes diabetes incipidus, and what is the primary symptom?

Answer 35

- no ADH | - Lots of peeing

Question 36

What makes up the walls of the ureters?

Answer 36

- urothelium - elastic lamina propria - inner longitudinal smooth muscle

Question 37

What makes the urothelium special?

Answer 37

- it is make of umbrella/baloon cells, allowing it to expand | - it is transitional

Question 38

Where is urothelium found>

Answer 38

- calyces - infundibulum - renal pelvis - ureters - Bladder - Prostatic urethra

Question 39

What is the smooth muscle of the bladder?

Answer 39

-detrusor muscle

Question 40

What are the three portions of the male urethra?

Answer 40

- prostatic - memranous - spongy

Question 41

What type of epithelium does the prostatic portion of the male urethra have?

Answer 41

-ureothium

Question 42

What type of epithelium does the membranous portion of the male urethra have?

Answer 42

-pseudo columnar

Question 43

What type of epithelium does the spongy portion of the male urethra have?

Answer 43

-pseudo columnar

Question 44

What kind of epithelium does the female urethra have?

Answer 44

-stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

Question 45

What does the macula densa do?

Answer 45

- senses NaCl levels | - releases adenosine to control smooth muscle cell tone of the afferent arteriole

Question 46

What do juxtaglomerular cells secrete?

Answer 46

renin

Question 47

What are Lacis cells?

Answer 47

- cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus that transfer information about NaCl tubular load to granular cells - basically act as extraglomerular mesangial cells

Question 48

What releases erythropoietin and thrombopoietin?

Answer 48

- medullary interstitial cells in kidney | - liver

Question 49

What converts Vitamin D into 1,25-Dihydrovitamin D?

Answer 49

-PCT of kideny

Question 50

What is cystitis and what can it lead to?

Answer 50

- inflammation of the bladder urotheium | - can lead to an unstable urothelium and then cancer