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Term 2: Histology > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

What hormones are produced by the ovaries?

A
  • estrogen
  • progesteron
  • inhibin
  • relaxin
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2
Q

What is the germinal epithelium of the ovaries?

A
  • surface epithelium of the ovary

- misnomer, does not give rise to ova

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3
Q

What is the tunica albuginea of the ovary?

A

-a connective tissue capsule beneath the epithelium

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4
Q

What is contained within the ovarian cortex?

A
  • ovarian follicles

- dense ovarian stroma

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5
Q

What is contained within the ovarian medulla?

A
  • blood vessels
  • lymphatic vessels
  • nerves
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6
Q

What is a Graafian Follicle?

A

-a fluid-filled follicle which is ready to expel the oocyte during ovulation

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7
Q

What is the corpus albicans?

A

-a degenerated corpus luteum

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8
Q

When, and in response to what hormone, do primordial follicles start growing?

A
  • puberty

- FSH

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9
Q

What is the granulosa like in the various stages of follicle development?

A

Primary unilaminar: -single layer, cuboidal

Primary multilaminar: -multiple layers, cuboidal

Mature Graafian: Corona Radiata

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10
Q

Which follicle shows the beginning of a zona pellucida?

A

Primary unilaminar follicle

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11
Q

What secretes the zona pellucida?

A

-primary oocyte and the granulosa cells

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12
Q

What is the function of the zona pellucida?

A

-activate the acrosomes of sperm

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13
Q

Describe the primary multilaminar follicle.

A
  • multiple granulosa layers
  • zona pellucida fully formed
  • Theca cells organize around basal lamina
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14
Q

What cells produce estrogen?

A
  • Theca cells

- Granulosa cells

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15
Q

Describe the Antral follicle.

A
  • follicular fluid secreted and forms an antrum
  • theca interna and externa cells layers are completed around basal lamina
  • basal lamina now fully formed
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16
Q

Describe the structure of a Graafian Follicle.

A
  • single large antrum
  • oocyte surrounded by corona radiata
  • Cumulus oophorus attaches corona radiata and oocyte to side of follicle
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17
Q

What does the cumulus oophorus do?

A

-it is a mass of granulosa cells that attaches the corona radiata and oocyte to the side of the follicle

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18
Q

What are the three layers of a fallopian tube?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Muscularis
  • Serosa
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19
Q

What type of epithelium is contained within the mucosa of a fallopian tube?

A

-simple columnar

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20
Q

What two cell types are present in the epithelium of the fallopian tube?

A
  • ciliated cells

- secretory cells

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21
Q

What do ciliated cells of the fallopian tube do?

A
  • proliferate under the influence of estrogen

- aid in transporting the egg down the tube to the uterus

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22
Q

What do the secretory cells of the fallopian tube do?

A

-secrete glycoproteins and are nutritive

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23
Q

What does GnRH do?

A

-stimulates secretion of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary

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24
Q

What does FSH do?

A
  • initiates follicular growth

- stimulates ovarian follicles to secrete estrogens

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25
What does LH do?
- stimulates further development of ovarian follicles - stimulates ovarian follicles to secrete estrogens - stimulates thecal cells to produce androgens to be converted to estrogens - triggers ovulation - promotes formation of the corpus luteum
26
What do estrogens do?
- promote primary and secondary development of female reproductive structures - inhibit the release of GnRH, LH, and FSH
27
What does progesterone do?
- prepares and maintains the endometrium for implantation, as well as mammary glands - inhibits secretion of GnRH and LH
28
What does Relaxin do?
- relaxes uterus by inhbiting contraction of myometrium | - increases flexibility of pubic symphisis and dilates uterine cervix
29
What does Inhibin do?
-inhibits secretion of FSH and LH
30
What are the three layers of the uterus?
-endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium
31
What are the two zones of the endometrium?
- stratum functionalis | - stratum basalis
32
What layer of the endometrium contains the majority of the length of the glands of the uterus?
-stratum functionalis
33
Where are the straight arteries located in the endometrium?
-stratum basalis
34
What arteries extend into and supply the stratum functionalis?
-spiral arteries
35
What causes vasoconstriction of the spiral arteries?
-a decrease in progesterone levels
36
What happens in the uterus during the menstrual phase?
-shedding of the functionalis
37
What happens in the uterus during the proliferative phase?
a buildup of functionalis with growth of glands and stroma. -elongation of the spiral arteries
38
What happens in the uterus during the secretory phase?
- fructose and glycogen is secreted from uterine glands - Glands and arteries become tortuous - Endometrium reaches maximum thickness
39
What happens in the uterus during the ischemic/premenstrual phase?
- results from vasoconstriction of the spiral arteries - occurs if implantation has not happened 8-10 days post ovulation - local hypoxia causes an influx of leukocytes
40
What are the phases of the menstrual cycle, in order?
- menstrual phase - proliferative phase - secretory phase - ischmic/premenstrual phase
41
What type of epithelium is present at the exo/ectocervix?
-stratified, non-keratinized squamous epithelium
42
What type of epithelium is present at the endocervix?
-simple columnar eptithelium
43
What lies between the exocervix and endocervix?
-the transformation zone
44
What forms Nabothian cysts?
-endocervical glands
45
What do the endocervical glands secrete?
- GAGs - Glycoproteins - IgA - Lactoferrin - Lysozymes
46
What type of epithelium is in the vagina?
-stratified, non-keratinized squamous epithelium
47
What leads to the low pH in the vaginal canal?
- mucosa secretes glycogen in response to estrogen | - normal vaginal flora convert glycogen to lactic acid
48
Where are Bartholin's located, and what is their role?
- located on either side of the vaginal opening | - secrete a fluid that lubricates the vagina
49
What connects milk secreting glands to the opening at the nipple?
-lactiferous ducts
50
What structure is present just before the lactiferous duct opens into the nipple?
-lactiferous sinus
51
What epithelium lines the mammary duct system?
-simple to stratified cuboidal epithelium with an outer layer of contractile myoepithelial cells
52
What hormone stimulates sperm production in the testis?
-FSH
53
What are the two classes of cells in the seminiferous tubules?
- Proliferating cells of spermatogenic lineage | - supporting sertoli cells
54
What cells are in the connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules?
- Myoid Cells | - Leydig Cells
55
What is the ploidy of a primary spermatocyte?
-2n
56
What is the ploidy of a secondary spermatocyte?
n
57
Name the cells of spermatogenesis in order of formation
- Spermatogonium/Type A spermatogonium - Type B spermatogonium - Primary spermatocyte - secondary spermatocyte - Spermatids
58
What is spermiogenesis?
- the final stage in sperm production in which spermatids transform into spermatozoa - no cell division
59
What is spermiation?
-the process where spermatozoa are released into the testicular fluid by sertoli cell and myoid cell contractions
60
What are the three phases of spermiogenesis?
- Golgi phase - acrosomal phase - maturation phase
61
What is the golgi phase of spermiogenesis?
-when pro-acrosomal granules collect in the golgi and fuse to form a membrane-bound acrosomal vesicle
62
What is the acrosomal phase of spermiogenesis?
-when the acrosomal vesicle becomes larger and covers the top half of the sperm nucleus
63
What is the maturation phase of spermiogenesis?
- when the mitochondria enter the proximal part of the tail, - the sperm shed extra cytoplasm which is eaten by sertoli cells, - and the sperm takes its final form with the head containing the acrosomal vesicle and having a tail
64
What do sertoli cells do?
- form blood testis barrier - provide support and nutrition to developing sperm - eat residual bodies - secrete basement membrane - secrete fluid for sperm transport
65
What are the endocrine functions of sertoli cells? What hormone triggers the release of these hormones?
- secrete androgen binding protein, inhibin, and mullerian inhibiting substance - triggered by FSH
66
What does androgen binding protein (ABP) do?
-concentrates testosterone to a level required by spermiogenesis
67
What does inhibin do?
-suppresses the synthesis and release of FSH (negative feedback)
68
WHat does Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS) do?
-causes regression of the mullerian ducts in development
69
What is the function of Leydig cells?
- produce testosterone (in response to LH post puberty) | - testosterone for the development of the male reproductive system (in response to placental gonadotropin
70
What are the three intratesticular ducts?
- straight tubules - Rete testis - Efferent Ductules
71
What lines straight tubules?
- Beginning: sertoli cells | - Main segement: Cuboidal epithelium
72
What two cells types are found in the lining of the efferent ducutules? What are their functions
- cuboidal cells: Absorb fluid | - ciliated cells: propel non-motile sperm
73
What are the three excretory genital ducts?
- duct of epididymis - ductus deferens - urethra
74
what lines the epididymis ducts and what cell types are there?
- pseudostratified columnar epithelium | - contains basal cells and tall columnar principal cells with stereocilia
75
what lines the ductus deferens and what cell types are there?
pseudostratified epithelium -basal and columnar cells
76
What are the layers of the ductus deferens?
- pseudostratified epithelium - thin lamina propria - 3 layered muscularis - adventitia
77
What are the three portions of the urethra and what lines them?
Prostatic: urothelium Membranous: pseudostratified columnar epithelium Penile: pseudostratified columnar transitioning to stratified squamous epithelium at glans
78
What are the glands of littre?
-mucus secreting glands found along the entire length of the penis that provide lubrication
79
What are the three accessory reproductive glands in males?
- seminal vesicles - prostate - bulbourethral glands
80
What do seminal vesicles do?
- produce a fluid high in fructose that makes up 70% of semen - fluid also contains prostaglandins, coagulating factors, and immunosuppressant factors

Term 2: Histology (6 decks)

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