renal patho

Question 1

consequence of oligohydroaminos

Answer 1

potter sequence
flat face
low set ears
defects of extremeties

Question 2

which is non inherited cystic disease

Answer 2

dysplastic kidney

Question 3

which gene defect is seen in polycystic kidney disease

Answer 3

APKD1 and APKD2

Question 4

which PKD happens in children

Answer 4

autosomal recessive

symptoms of portal hypertension due to fibrosis and oligohydramnios seen

Question 5

what is the common cause of death in PKD in adults

Answer 5

berry aneurysm

Question 6

how to differentiate medullary cystic kidney disease from PKD

Answer 6

shrunken kidneys seen in MCK

Question 7

most common cause of pre renal azotemia?

Answer 7

decreased blood flow

Question 8

in which congenital disease there is high conc of renin in blood

Answer 8

autosomal dominant PKD

Question 9

long standing post renal azotemia leads to?

Answer 9

tubular damage which results in decreased reabsorption

Question 10

most common cause of acute renal failure?

Answer 10

acute tubular necrosis

Question 11

what happens to GFR in acute tubular necrosis

Answer 11

decreases

Question 12

2 reasons of acute tubular necrosis

Answer 12

ischemia due to long standind pre renal azotemia

nephrotoxic

Question 13

which parts of kidney is susceptible to damage due to ischemia

Answer 13

PCT

ascending thick limb

Question 14

causes of necrosis of tubules

Answer 14

aminoglycosides
heavy metals
myoglobinuria from injury to muscle
ethylene glycol: oxalate crystals seen in urine
radiocontrast dye
urate

Question 15

most common cause of necrosis of tubules in acute renal failure

Answer 15

aminoglycosides

Question 16

can renal tubular cell regenerate

Answer 16

yes they are stable cells. it takes time but necrosis can be reversed

Question 17

oliguria can persist for how many weeks in acute tubular necrosis before it is recovered

Answer 17

3 weeks because tubular cells are stable cells

Question 18

reason for acute interstitial nephritis

Answer 18

drug induced hypersensitivity

infection or sarcoidosis

Question 19

acute interstitial necrosis lead to what disease

Answer 19

renal papillary necrosis

Question 20

causes of renal papillary necrosis

Answer 20

diabetes
acute interstitial nephritis
chronic use of pain killer
sickle cell trait
acute pyelonephritis

Question 21

risk factors for UTI

Answer 21

females
pregnancy
sexual intercourse
urinary stasis
catheter

Question 22

symptoms of cystitis

Answer 22

dysuria
suprapubic pain
urgency and increased freq of urination
absent systematic signs

Question 23

diagnosis of cystitis?(lower UTI)

Answer 23

cloudy urine with greater than 10 WBC

dipstick shows positive leukocyte esterase and nitrites

greater than 100000 colony forming unit

Question 24

what is the gold standard diagnosis for lower UTI

Answer 24

greater than 100000 colony forming unit

Question 25

most common UTI causing organism?

Answer 25

E.coli | 80%

Question 26

which organism cause ammonia scent and alkaline urine in uti

Answer 26

proteus mirabilis

Question 27

which is the most common nephropathy worldwide

Answer 27

alport syndrome | berger disease

Question 28

what enzyme is seen in urine during pyuria

Answer 28

leukocyte esterase

Question 29

what is sterile pyuria

Answer 29

negative urine culture but but WBCS present it means urethritis

Question 30

common pathogens involved in pyelonephritis

Answer 30

E coli 90% enterococcus klebsiella