Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CP3 Medicine > RENAL - PKD, IN, Glomerulonephritis and Nephrotic/Nephritic syndrome > Flashcards

RENAL - PKD, IN, Glomerulonephritis and Nephrotic/Nephritic syndrome Flashcards

(81 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What 3 ways can diabetes affect the kidneys

A

Direct glomerular damage
Ischaemia due to aa disease
Ascending infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most common cause of ballotable kidneys

A

PKD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

PKD inheritance (2)

A

AD - PKD1 - 85%

AR - PKD2 - 15%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

PS PKD (3)

A

HTN
CKD
Abdominal swelling b/c v large kidneys bilaterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where can cysts be found in PKD

A

Tubular epithelium - up to 4cm + brown

Also in liver –> portal HTN + fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What serious condition is PKD associated with

A

Berry aneurysm –> SAH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mx PKD

A

Same as CKD

+ screen for berry aneurysms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

From when does PKD start

A

Birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What age does PKD usually present

A

From 30s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 2 types of chronic interstitial nephritis

A

Reflux associated chronic interstitial nephritis

Obstructive chronic intersitial nephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Reflux associated chronic intersitial nephritis due to?

A

Incompetent VU valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

PS reflux associated chronic interstitial nephritis

A

Early adulthood

Deteriorating renal function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is obstructifve chronic interstitial nephritis due to

A

Recurrent episodes of infection due to anatomical abnormality or a stone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is glomerulonephritis

A

Inflammation of the glomerulus and can be a cause for both AKI and CKD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 layers of the glomerulus

A

Fenestrated capillary epithelium
Basement membrane
Visceral layer - interdigitating podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 2 things causing damage to the glomerulus in glomerulonephritis

A

EIther autoantigens

Or immune complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Secondary factors –> auto-antigens (NSAID HSP)

A 
NSAID HSP
Neoplasm
SLE
Amyloid 
Infection 
Diabetes 
HSP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Damage to capillaries in glomerulonephritis (3)

A

Endothellial cell proliferation
Capillary wall necrosis
Glomerulosclerosis –> fenestra + capillaries being. pulled apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Damage to basement mebrane in glomerlunephritis

A

Thickened membrane 00> structural distortion hence more permeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Histology - global glomerulonephritis

A

Whole glomerulus is disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Histology - segmental glomerulonephritis

A

Small patches of 1 glomerulus = damaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Histology - diffuse glomerulonephritis

A

Affecting >50% glomeruli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Histology - focal glomerulonephritis

A

Affecting <50% glomeruli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How can glomerular disease manifest (6)

A 
AKI 
CKD 
Asymp haematuria 
Nephrotic syndrome 
Nephritic syndrome 
Rapid progressive glomerulonephritis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is nephrotic syndrome due to?
Increased permeability at the glomerulus (b/c inflammation and damage)
26
Triad - nephrotic syndrome (3)
Proteinuria >3days Hypoalbuminaemia (<30g/L) Oedema
27
Why does proteinuria occur in nephrotic syndrome
B/c increased glomerular permeability
28
Appearance urine nephrotic syndrome and why
Frothy | B.c mass proteinuria
29
Is nephrotic syndrome proliferative
No
30
What are the 3 most common 1' causes of nephrotic syndrome (3)
Minimal change nephropathy Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis Focal segment glomerulosclerosis
31
What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children
Minimal change nephropathy
32
What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults
Focal segment glomerulosclerosis
33
2' causes of nephrotic syndrome
``` Drugs Neoplasm Amyloid SLE Malaria HIV Hepatitis NAIDS Obesity Pre-eclampsia ```
34
Tx nephrotic syndrome (5)
``` Diuretics Salt/H2O rstrict ACEi (reduce proteinuria) Anticoagulation Tx cause ```
35
Tetrad Nephritic syndrome
Haematuria + red cell casts Oliguria Proteinuria HTN
36
Is nephritic syndrome proliferative
Yes
37
2 most common 1' causes nephritic syndrome
IgA nephropathy | Goodpastures
38
Ix nephrotic/nephritic syndrome
``` Bloods - FBC, U+E, CRP, culture Urine dip - rule out infection MCS - Red cells/casts Urine protein - creatinine ratio mg/mmol Nephritic screen Renal USS Renal biopsy ```
39
Urine protein:creatinine ratio nephrotic syndrome
>300mg/mmol
40
What are the 6 causes of nephritic syndrome
IgA nephropathy Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis Post infectious glomerulonephritis Goodpastures Microscopic polyangitis Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegners)
41
Non-Proliferative: Minimal change glomerulonephritis what changes
Abnormal podocytes seen on EM
42
Minimal change glomerulonephritis - what is it assoc w/ (3)
NSAID use Allergy Hodgkin's lymphoma
43
Tx Minimal change glomerulonephritis (2)
PO prednisolone | Cyclophosphamide if relapse
44
Prognosis Minimal change glomerulonephritis
99% resolve 4-6w w/ steroid Tx | 1% --> ESRD
45
Non-proliferative: MGN (Membranous Glomerulonephritis) changes
Thickened BM
46
Cause of MGN
80% idiopathic
47
How is MGN diagnosed
Biopsy
48
Prognosis MGN
⅓ --> chronic MGN 1/3 --> remission ⅓ --> ESRD
49
Mx MGN
Alternating steroids + chlorambucil
50
Non-proliferative: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis changes
Segments of glomeruli develop sclerosis
51
Mx focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Steroids in effective
52
What % focal segmental glomerulosclerosis --> ESRD
50%
53
Proliferative: IgA nephropathy (Buerger;s disease) - WHO
Young men
54
IgA nephropathy - changes
IgA deposits in matrix
55
Cause IgA nephropathy
Largely unknown | But appears 24-48h after URTI/GI infection
56
Sx IgA nephropathy
Macroscopic haematuria
57
Mx IgA nephropathy
Supportive
58
Prognosis IgA nephropathy
20% --> ESRD 20y
59
What is Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis + changes
Mixed nephrotic and nephritic | Large glomeruli w/ double BM
60
1' cause Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Immune mediated
61
2' Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
SLE/ Hep
62
Prognosis Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
50% ESRD 10y
63
Proliferative: Post-infectious/streptococcal GN changes
Diffuse proliferation GN w/ IgG + C3 deposit
64
When does Post-infectious/streptococcal GN PS
Weeks after URTI
65
Usual causative agent Post-infectious/streptococcal GN
Strep pyogenes
66
Blood results Post-infectious/streptococcal GN
Raised AASOT/ anti-DNAase B | Reduced complement levels
67
Mx Post-infectious/streptococcal GN + prognosis
SUpportive | Usually resolves in 2-4w
68
Proliferative - Goodpastures - changes
ANti-GBM ab = IV collagen on glomerular BM and in lungs
69
PS Goodpastures
Haematuria + rapidly progressive GN | + Pulmonary haemorrhage --> haemoptysis + breathless
70
CXR Goodpastures
Pulmonary shadowign
71
Renal Biopsy Goodpastures
Linear deposition IgG in BM
72
Mx Goodpastures (3)
Plasma exchange CCS Cytotoxins
73
What ages get HSP
3-15 y/o
74
Sx of HSP (5)
``` Purpuric rash on extensors Polyarthritis ABdominal pain Scrotal/scalp swelling GN ```
75
How is a diagnosis of HSP made?
Clincal | + ve immunofluorescence
76
Granulomatosis w/ polyangitis - which organs affected (3)
Kidney Lungs + others
77
Which marker is +ve in granulomatosis w/ polyangiitis
C-ANCA
78
Tx of granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Steroids | + Cyclophosphamide
79
What kind of vasculitis is microscopic polyangiitis
Small vessel vasculitis | And Rapidly proliferative glomerulonephritis (crescentic)
80
Which marker is +ve in microscopic polyangiitis
p-ANCA
81
Tx microscopic polyangiitis (2)
LT steroids | +/- cytotoxic agents

CP3 Medicine (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions