Renal System

Question 1

breaking down
food into smaller components

Answer 1

digestion

Question 2

transferring the
broken down products into the
bloodstream

Answer 2

absorption

Question 3

what two activities take place for us to get nutrients from the environment

Answer 3

-digestion
-absorption

Question 4

what are the three distinctive parts of the digestive tracts

Answer 4

-foregut
-midgut
-hindgut

Question 5

includes:
Mouth
esophagus
stomach (or crop)

Answer 5

Foregut

Question 6

Digestion begins in the ________

Answer 6

mouth

Question 7

breakdown carbs

Answer 7

amylase

Question 8

breakdown lipids

Answer 8

lipase

Question 9

connects the mouth and nasal cavity to the throat

Answer 9

pharynx

Question 10

which prevents
food / water from entering the
trachea

Answer 10

epiglottis

Question 11

connects pharynx to stomach

Answer 11

esophagus

Question 12

what do birds, crocodilians and earthworms have that helps break down food into smaller pieces

Answer 12

gizzard

Question 13

hormone that regulates
stomach acid production;
controlled by a negative feedback
loop

Answer 13

gastrin

Question 14

how does the stomach protect itself from the acid

Answer 14

-cells of the stomach lining secrete mucus to create a barrier to the acid
-digestive enzymes are secreted in an inactive form that is activated by the stomach acid

Question 15

what is the main site of protein and lipid breakdown

Answer 15

Stomach which is located in the foregut

Question 16

What is the primary digestive enzyme in the stomach

Answer 16

pepsin

Question 17

Secreted as inactivated
pepsinogen
* Breaks down proteins into amino acids
-Lipases are also secreted, which break down lipids

Answer 17

pepsin

Question 18

Food in various stages of digestion is physically moved through the stomach by_______

Answer 18

peristalsis

Question 19

waves of contraction and
relaxation by smooth muscle
surrounding the organ

Answer 19

peristalsis

Question 20

Chime

Answer 20

undigested food

Question 21

where is chime moved too

Answer 21

the pyloric sphincter

Question 22

a muscular ring that opens to the small intestine.
-There partially digested food moves out of the foregut and into the midgut

Answer 22

the pyloric sphincter

Question 23

The first part of the midgut is the_________

Answer 23

duodenum

Question 24

the duodenum is aided by the what

Answer 24

gallbladder and pancreas

Question 25

________secretes bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid, and digestive enzymes, including trypsin

Answer 25

pancreas

Question 26

breaks down proteins

Answer 26

trypsin

Question 27

Bicarb release is controlled by the hormone _________, which are released when the pH drops in the duodenum

Answer 27

secretin

Question 28

Stores bile, which is made by the liver, and breaks up fats into smaller droplets in a process called emulsification

Answer 28

gallbladder

Question 29

Bile release is controlled by the hormone _________ which is released when fats enter the duodenum

Answer 29

cholecystokinin (CCK),

Question 30

Covered with folds and finger- like projections called villi

Answer 30

small intestine

Question 31

absorb nutrients from the liquid mixture called chyme produced in the stomach from the food we eat

Answer 31

villi

Question 32

to increase the surface area in order to absorb more nutrients.

Answer 32

microvilli

Question 33

* Glucose (and other hydrophilic nutrients) are co-transported into the intestinal cells with Na+ * Passive glucose transport proteins then facilitate the movement of glucose into the blood stream in an adjacent capillary *Hydrophobic nutrients, like fats, passively move through the intestinal cell membranes, and eventually bind with molecules to make them water soluble as they reach the blood in the capillary

Answer 33

Small intestine

Question 34

Absorption of water * Absorption of inorganic nutrients (minerals) * Elimination of waste (feces)

Answer 34

Large intestine

Question 35

balancing water and solutes within the body * Elimination of nitrogenous waste products

Answer 35

osmoregulation

Question 36

dissolved molecules (electrolytes, sugars, etc.)

Answer 36

solutes

Question 37

diffusion of water

Answer 37

osmosis

Question 38

the tendency of water to move from one area to another. The greater the difference in solute concentration, the higher the pressure is for water to move towards the solutes

Answer 38

osmotic pressure

Question 39

a membrane that allows some molecules through it, but not others. Membranes are often water permeable.

Answer 39

selectively permeable

Question 40

channels in a lipid bilayer membrane that allow water to move through it.

Answer 40

aquaporins

Question 41

Keep internal fluids at the same osmotic pressure of the environment

Answer 41

Osmoconformers

Question 42

Maintain internal fluids at a stable osmotic pressure that is distinct from that of the environment

Answer 42

Osmoregulators

Question 43

When proteins and nucleic acids are broken down, ________ is produced

Answer 43

ammonia (NH3)

Question 44

What are the different ways different organisms deal with ammonia production

Answer 44

-filtration -secretion -reabsorption

Question 45

most toxic, requires high volumes of water

Answer 45

Ammonia

Question 46

less toxic, but requires energy to produce and water to eliminate

Answer 46

Urea

Question 47

Least toxic, energetically most expensive

Answer 47

Uric Acid

Question 48

blood is passed into an extracellular space, but some substances are prevented from returning to a blood

Answer 48

filtration

Question 49

active transport of substances from blood into an extracellular space

Answer 49

secretion

Question 50

process by which essential molecules are transported back into blood after filtration

Answer 50

reabsorption

Question 51

What organ: Filter nitrogenous waste * Help regulate blood pressure / blood volume

Answer 51

kidney

Question 52

The filtration takes place in the_________ ______

Answer 52

renal pyramids

Question 53

The renal pyramids are filled with ________, which are renal tubules along with associated capillaries

Answer 53

Nephrons

Question 54

The outer layer of the kidney is called the

Answer 54

cortex

Question 55

The inner layer of the kidney

Answer 55

medulla

Question 56

tuft of capillaries inside the membranous sac called a Bowman’s capsule

Answer 56

glomerulus

Question 57

membranous sac -Location where blood is first filtered for water, waste, and solutes

Answer 57

Bowmans capsule

Question 58

Individual renal tubules in a renal pyramid flow into a _______ ______

Answer 58

collecting duct

Question 59

Renal tubules are divided into:

Answer 59

Proximal convoluted tubule * Loop of Henle * Distal convoluted tubule

Question 60

Where do electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, Sodium and chloride get reabsorbed into the blood

Answer 60

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 61

Descending side is water permeable Ascending side is water impermeable, and actively transports electrolytes out

Answer 61

Loop of Henle

Question 62

Main site of secretion Waste not filtered by the glomerulus is actively added here Regulates K+, Na+, and Ca+2 Regulates urine pH with bicarbonate

Answer 62

Distal convoluted tubule

Question 63

Permeability is regulated by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ADH is secreted by the posterior pituitary to control the amount of water in the body

Answer 63

Collecting duct