Renal System

Question 1

Renal Functions: regulation of osmolality

what is normal osmolality and range

Answer 1

300 mOsm/kg

270-310 mOsm/kg

Question 2

the concentration of what contributes to 90%of the extracellular fluid osmolality?

Answer 2

sodium salts

Question 3

osmolality is another way of saying what?

Answer 3

sodium concentration

Question 4

name the 3 endocrine fxns of the kidney

Answer 4

Erythropoietin production

Renin productin

Vitamin D conversion into Vit D3

Question 5

blood is delivered to the glomerulus via the ______ arteriole and exits the glomerulus via the ______ arteriol

Answer 5

delivered Afferent

Exits Efferent

Question 6

there are 2 types of nephrons: what are they

Answer 6

cortical nephrons

juxtamedullary nephron

Question 7

picture of 2 types of nephron

Answer 7

Question 8

the cortical nephron has short loops of henle and glomeruli located where?

Answer 8

near the surface of the kidney

Question 9

the juxtamedullary nephrons have LONG loop of henle and the glomeruli is where

Answer 9

deep in the cortex near the the cortical medullary junction

Question 10

again picture of 2 nephrons

Answer 10

Question 11

blood passes through the ______ arterioles, the _____ capillaries, the _______ arterioles, and the _______ capillaries before it drains into the venous system

Answer 11

Afferent arteriols

glomerular capillaries

Efferent arteriole

peritubular capillaries

Question 12

the ______ arteriole branches into a caillary network that entwines the renal tubule

Answer 12

Efferent

Question 13

the ______ capillaries are the capillaries that arise from the efferent arteriole and engulf the renal tubule

Answer 13

peritubular capillaries

Question 14

the ____ _____ are the peritubular cappillaries of the loops of henle of the juxtamedullary nephrons, it constitutes a countercurrent echange system

Answer 14

Vasa recta

Question 15

a substance may be transported FROM the tubule TO the capillary called what

Answer 15

reabsorption

Question 16

a substance may be transported FROM the tubule TO the capillary called reabsorption or FROM the capillary TO the tubule called what?

Answer 16

secretion

Question 17

the vasa recta are hairpin-shaped capillaries of the long loops of henle of what nephron

Answer 17

juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 18

2 parts or divisons of the kidney>

Answer 18

cortex

Medulla

Question 19

Glomeruli, proximal tubules, and distal tubules are found in what part of the kidney

Answer 19

cortex

Question 20

the loops of henle and collecting ducts are found in what part of the kidneys

Answer 20

medulla

Question 21

what part of the outter medulla is most vulnerable to ischemia?

Answer 21

inner stripe

Question 22

the LOH is a COUNTERCURRENT MULTIPLIER which does what?

Answer 22

creats the osmotic gradient

Question 23

the vasa recta is a COUNTERCURRENT EXCHANGER what does that mean

Answer 23

it maintains the osmotic gradient created by the LOH

Question 24

the LOH deposits NaCl in the medullary interstitium and in doing so, produces a gradient in osmolality that increases progressively from 300 to 1200 deep in the medulla. this osmotic gradient is required for what?

Answer 24

making the urine concentrated or making the urine dilute

Question 25

AVP/ADH: synthesized where?

Answer 25

hypothalamus (paraventricular and supraoptic nuleus)

Question 26

AVP/ADH: stored where?

Answer 26

Post pituitary (neurohypophysis)

Question 27

AVP/ADH: secreted into what?

Answer 27

blood

Question 28

AVP/ADH: what is the stimulus for release

Answer 28

increased Na+ Increased osmolality

Question 29

AVP/ADH: site of action

Answer 29

collecting ducts

Question 30

AVP (ADH) is synthesized where in the hypothalamus?

Answer 30

paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus

Question 31

AVP/ADH is transported in the axoplasmic fluid of the hypothalmic-hypophyseal nerves to storage sites in the nerve terminals where

Answer 31

neurohypophysis

Question 32

what stimulate the release of AVP/ADH from the posterior pituitary

Answer 32

nerve action potentials

Question 33

when circulating levels of AVP/ADH are HIGH, what type of urine is formed

Answer 33

a small volume of concentrated (0.5mL/kg/kr)

Question 34

when circulating levels of AVP/ADH are LOW what is the urine like

Answer 34

large volumes of dilute urine (25 mL/kg/hr)

Question 35

what is urine osmolality with HIGH AVP/ADH

Answer 35

1200-1500 mOsm

Question 36

what is urine osmolality if AVP/ADH is low

Answer 36

50-100 mOsm

Question 37

what are causes of DI? (2)

Answer 37

failure of AVP/ADH synthesis or release (most common) Insensitivity of distal tubules and collecting ducts AVP/ADH (nephrogenic)

Question 38

what are causes of SIADH

Answer 38

result of surgery intracranial tumor hypothyroidism porphyria Small OATS cell carcinoma

Question 39

what are the diagnostic signs of SIADH

Answer 39

increased urine Na+ concentration Increased Urine osmolality hyponatremia decreased PLASMA osmolality (too much ADH pissing out Na+)

Question 40

Spironolactone is a competitive aldosterone antagonist that works on the late DCT and the collecting decut (mainly collecting duct). it increases excretion of what? and promotes retention of what?

Answer 40

increases Na+ excretion and promotes K+ retention

Question 41

Chronic Kidney disease: what is the best test to determine renal reserve

Answer 41

creatinine clearance (measures GFR)