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renal system Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two regions of a nephron?

A

renal corpuscle

renal tubule

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2
Q

what is the significance of protein in the urine?

A

consistent presence suggests glomerular of tubular damage

transient proteinuria quite common

can indicate a UTI

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3
Q

what is the chemical symbol for carbonic acid?

A

H2CO3

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4
Q

what are ketones, and what is indicated by their presence in the urine?

A

breakdown products of fat metabolism

they indicate the body has run out of glucose

ketones can be very high in diabetes; indicating an insulin deficiency

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5
Q

where is angiotensinogen produced?

A

the liver

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6
Q

what does RAAS stand for?

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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7
Q

describe the nerve supply of the kidneys

A

sympathetic fibres regulate renal blood flow according to the body’s requirements

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8
Q

in kidney autoregulation, what mechanisms are used to increase glomerular blood pressure?

A

dilation of afferent arterioles

constriction of efferent arterioles

contraction of mesangial cells

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9
Q

what two types of water reabsorption occur in the kidneys?

what percentage does each account for?

A

obligatory 90%

facultative 10%

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10
Q

by what mechanism does the ANS control urination?

A

the micturition reflex

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11
Q

identify the organs of the urinary system

A

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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12
Q

define micturition

A

the elimination of urine from the body

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13
Q

why don’t plasma proteins pass into the capsular space under normal circumstances?

A

plasma proteins are too large to pass through pores in glomerular capillaries

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14
Q

damage to which part of a nephron would interfere with hormonal control of blood pressure?

A

juxtaglomerular complex

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15
Q

describe the epithelium of the Bowman’s capsule

A

simple squamous epithelium

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16
Q

what are the forces involved in glomerular filtration?

A
  1. glomerular hydrostatic pressure
  2. capsular hydrostatic pressure
  3. colloid oncotic pressure
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17
Q

what’s the difference between reabsorption and secretion in the kidneys?

A

reabsorption: tubule → blood
secretion: blood → tubule

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18
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidneys?

A

the nephron

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19
Q

which parts of the urinary system make up the urinary tract

A

ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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20
Q

trace the path of urine from the collecting duct to the urethra

A 
collecting duct
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
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21
Q

describe the urinary bladder’s muscle

A

detrusor muscle (smooth muscle)

contracts to expel urine

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22
Q

which three things regulate GFR?

A

autoregulation

hormonal regulation

autonomic regulation by sympathetic division of the ANS

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23
Q

what kind of epithelium lines the ureters?

A

transitional

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24
Q

what are the average GFRs for women and men?

A

women: 115 ml/min
men: 125 ml/min

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25
what is the network of blood vessels surrounding the tubes of the nephron called?
the peritubular capillaries
26
what is the triangular area within the urinary bladder known as?
the trigone
27
what are the folds lining the surface of the empty urinary bladder known as?
rugae
28
what are the components of the renal corpuscle?
the glomerulus and the Bowman's capsule (aka glomerular capsule)
29
describe the urethral sphincters
internal urethral sphincter - smooth muscle external urethral sphincter - skeletal muscle (voluntary)
30
what is the part of the kidneys where urine collects before exiting via the ureter known as?
the renal pelvis
31
what are the three internal regions of the kidney?
cortex medulla renal pelvis
32
which artery carries blood to the kidneys for filtration?
the renal artery
33
where does most tubular secretion occur?
in the DCT (most) and the collecting duct
34
which segment of the nephron makes the final adjustments to the composition of tubular fluid?
the distal convoluted tubule
35
describe the epithelium in the thin part of the loop of Henle
simple squamous epithelium
36
what is filtrate?
the filtered liquid inside the tubes and loos of the nephron
37
what are the two types of nephron? which is more common?
cortical 85% | juxtamedullary 15%
38
what are the two special cell types of the juxtaglomerular apparatus/complex?
JG cells | macula densa
39
what is dysuria?
painful urination
40
what are the major functions of the renal system?
1. regulation of blood volume and pressure 2. regulation of blood pH 3. regulation of ion concentrations 4. nutrient regulation 5. detoxification
41
describe the epithelium of the renal tubule
mainly cuboidal epithelium with microvilli
42
in which part of the kidneys is the blood filtered and substances selectively reabsorbed back into the blood?
the renal cortex
43
what gets secreted back into the filtrate from the blood?
drugs potassium hydrogen wastes - creatine, urea, uric acid
44
how does tubular reabsorption occur?
by simple diffusion (passive) by carrier proteins (passive or active)
45
what are the relevant numbers for glomerular filtration pressures?
NFP = 10 mmHg → (net filtration pressure) GHP ≈ 50 mm Hg → (glomerular hydrostatic pressure) BCOP ≈ 25 mm Hg ← (blood colloid osmotic pressure) CsHP ≈ 15 mmHg ← (capsular hydrostatic pressure)
46
what are the three concentric layers of connective tissue around the kidneys?
inner to outer: fibrous capsule (collagen) perinephric fat capsule (adipose tissue) renal fascia (dense, fibrous outer layer)
47
part of the nephron where water is reabsorbed back into the blood?
60-70% in the PCT 25% in nephron loop the rest in the DCT and collecting tube
48
where and how does obilgatory absorption of water occur?
by osmosis in the PCT and nephron loop
49
glomerulus: afferent arteriole efferent arteriole which is wider?
afferent arteriole
50
what is the papillary duct?
carries fluid from collecting ducts into the minor calyxes
51
the capsular space separates which layers of the glomerular complex?
parietal and visceral
52
in which part of the nephron are nutrients reabsorbed?
PCT
53
describe the layers of the filtration membrane in the glomerulus
filtration slits are formed by three layers: 1. fenestrated epithelium of glomerular capillary 2. basement membrane 3. foot processes of podocyte cells from glomerular capsule
54
an increase in sodium and chloride in the peritubular fluid affects the descending limb in what way?
elevates osmotic concentrations around descending limb, results in water flow out of descending limb
55
where and how does facultative reabsorption of water occur?
mainly due to ADH in the DCT and collecting duct
56
can the permeability of the PCT or nephron loop chang? what does this represent?
no. reabsorption of water occurs here whenever osmotic concentration of PCT/loop is lower than peritubular fluid. this represents obligatory water reabsorption
57
where is the urinary bladder located?
in the pelvic cavity posterior to the pubic symphysis
58
why is BP higher in glomerular capillaries than systemic capillaries?
because of the different diameters of the afferent and efferent arterioles
59
what is the juxtaglomerular complex?
a cluster of specialised cells that secrete renin when glomerular BP falls
60
what occurs when the plasma concentration of a substance exceeds the kidney's capacity for transporting that substance?
the excess is not reabsorbed, it's secreted in the urine
61
what effect does an increase in ADH have on the DCT?
increased ADH = more aquaporins = more water reabsorbed
62
what is oliguria?
urinary output below 400-500 ml/day
63
what portions of the nephron are in the renal cortex?
``` renal corpuscle PCT DCT the proximal portion of the nephron loop the proximal portion of the collecting duct ```
64
how do the kidneys regulate blood pH?
they control the reabsorption or loss of both hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
65
what is polyuria?
excessive urination
66
what is the importance of a consistent rate of glomerular filtration?
GFR too low = wastes can't be excreted, fluid and pH are imbalanced GFR too high = faster flow and less time for reabsorption, too much stuff lost in urine
67
what are the two ways we get fluid?
GI tract | cellular respiration
68
what is GFR?
the amount of filtrate produce each minute ie mow much/how effectively we filter blood and produce urine
69
how is the concentration gradient of the renal medulla maintained?
by the removal of solutes and water from the area by the vasa recta the nephron loop creates the gradient, the vasa recta maintains/stabilises it by redistributing reabsorbed water and solutes
70
what is the most important system in the regulation of systemic BP?
RAAS
71
the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop actively pumps what substances into the peritubular fluid? what is it impermeable to?
sodium and chloride it's impermeable to water
72
what is anuria?
urinary output below 50 ml/day
73
in the PCT, ions and organic substrates are removed, causing what to occur?
a continuous osmotic flow of water out of the tubule reduces volume of filtrate; keeps inside and outside of tubule isotonic
74
what are the three physiological processes performed by the kidneys?
filtration reabsorption secretion
75
when ADH levels in the DCT decrease, what happens to the urine osmotic concentration?
it becomes less concentrated less ADH = less aquaporins = less water reabsorbed = less concentrated urine (and more of it)
76
a) renal corpuscle b) renal capsule c) glomerular capsule do you know the difference?
a) initial portion of the nephron (glomerulus and glomerular capsule) b) fibrous capsule covering the outer surface of the kidney c) bowman's capsule - what the filtrate lands in before the PCT
77
what is a creatinine clearance test used for?
to estimate GFR
78
what is uric acid?
a waste product formed during the recycling of RNA molecules
79
what is the presence of leukocytes in the urine called, and what is its significance?
pyuria. indicates inflammation, often due to infection pyuria + nitrites in urine = probable UTI
80
what effect would increased amounts of aldosterone have on the concentration of potassium in the urine? what is the mechanism of this action?
increased K+ in urine as aldosterone leads to ↑Na+ and ↓K+ reabsorption at kidneys (aldosterone stimulates Na+/K+ exchange pumps in DCT))
81
what do macula densa cells do?
sense ↓NaCl flow in DCT and release paracrine factors that affect the diameter of the afferent arteriole (via the JG complex) (↓NaCl = low flow)
82
what is creatinine?
waste product generated in skeletal muscle during muscle contraction
83
what is the significance of nitrite in the urine?
indicates infection
84
what is normal pH range for urine?
4.5 - 8
85
what might an alteration in urine pH signify? what factor might affect variations within normal limits?
pH is altered in infections - can be higher or lower within normal limits, pH will depend on diet, time of day
86
what is the significance of glucose in urine?
glycosuria may indicate diabetes but temporary glycosuria may occur due to a larger meal, which may overload carrier molecules in nephron and cause excess glucose to be excreted in urine

biology 121 (14 decks)

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