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biology 121 > vasculature, blood pressure and blood composition > Flashcards

vasculature, blood pressure and blood composition Flashcards

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1
Q

what is Mean Arterial Pressure?

A

the pressure that drives blood into the tissues

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2
Q

how is MAP calculated?

A

MAP= COxTPR

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3
Q

which WBC is sensitive to allergens and attacks parasites?

A

eosinophils // they attack things that have been marked by antigens

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4
Q

which WBC is highly mobile and the first at the site of injury?

A

neutrophils

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5
Q

which WBCs release chemicals which attract neutrophils to the site?

A

monocytes

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6
Q

which WBCs release histamine and heparin, and cause inflammation?

A

basophils

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7
Q

what are the five types of leukocytes?

A 
eosinophils
neutrophils
monocytes
basophils
lymphocytes
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8
Q

what are the external regulators of heart rate?

A

the medulla oblongata: the cardioaccelaratory centre (SNS) and the cardioinhibitory centre (PNS/vagus nerve)

hormones: adrenaline/noradrenaline

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9
Q

describe how arteries change on the path from the heart to the capillaries

A 
elastic arteries near the heart (able to absorb more pressure) are larger and the tunica media has many elastic fibres and fewer muscle
muscular arteries (further from heart) = most arteries. medium sized with many muscle cells. they keep the blood flowing
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10
Q

what is thrombosis?

A

the formation of a blood clot in an unbroken vessel

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11
Q

which layer of the blood vessel contracts to cause vasoconstriction?

A

smooth muscle of the tunica media

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12
Q

what is thrombin’s action in the clotting cascade?

A

converts fibrinogen into fibrin

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13
Q

what is CO2?

A

carbon dioxide is a byproduct of aerobic metabolism (cellular metabolism)

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14
Q

what is pulse pressure?

A

the difference between systolic BP and diastolic BP

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15
Q

what are the cells of the blood and where are they formed?

A

RBCs, WBCs and platelets

all formed in the bone marrow

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16
Q

what is the most common circulating WBC? what is its purpose?

A

neutrophils

phagocytosis

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17
Q

what NT causes vasoconstriction? what is the receptor for this NT?

A

noradrenaline

adrenergic receptors

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18
Q

what is MAP going to be in a person with 120/80 BP?

A

MAP = diastolic BP + 1/3 pulse pressure

80 is diastole
PP is 120 - 80 = 40

one third of 40 is 13.3
therefore MAP = 93.3 (80 + 13.3)

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19
Q

what breaks down the fibrin in a clot?

A

plasmin

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20
Q

what is fibrinolysis?

A

the slow process of dissolving a clot once healing is complete

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21
Q

what are the three functions of platelets?

A

release important clotting chemicals

temporarily patch damaged vessel walls

reduce size of a break in vessel wall

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22
Q

what are the functions of capillaries?

A
  1. diffusion of nutrients and wastes
  2. distribution of ECF (filtration of protein-free plasma out of capillary, reabsorption of water and solutes into the capillary
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23
Q

what are the plasma proteins?

A

albumins 60% - transport substances

globulins 35% - transport globulins and immunoglobulins (antibodies)

fibrinogen 4% - forms clots and produces fibrin

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24
Q

where are leukocytes mostly found?

A

connective tissue and lymphatic organs

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25
what is abnormally low platelet count called?
thrombocytopaenia
26
what is abnormally high platelet count called?
thrombocytosis
27
what are four characteristics of circulating leukocytes?
they can migrate out of the bloodstream they have amoeboid movement they're attracted to chemical stimuli (positive chemotaxic) some are phagocytic (neutrophils, eiosinophils, monocytes)
28
what are the three functions of blood?
transport regulation (body temp, pH, etc) protection (clotting, WBCs)
29
what percentage of the body's volume does blood make up?
8%
30
what is an immature red blood cell called?
a reticulocyte
31
what's a normal range for blood pH?
7.35 - 7.45
32
what is the only type of WBC that is part of specific immunity?
lymphocytes
33
what is RBC production called and where does it take place?
erythropoiesis takes place in the bone marrow
34
what are the different lymphocytes?
T cells, B cells and NK cells
35
what is different about WBCs compared to RBCs and platelets?
they have a nucleus
36
which is the most common element of the formed elements of the blood?
erythrocytes (RBCS) 99.9%
37
relate the structure and function of RBCs
1. shape - high surface area to volume ratio 2. shape - discs can form stacks to fit through capillaries neatly 3. discs bend and flex to fit into small capillaries 4. stackable shape reduces turbulence
38
what nutrients are required to make red blood cells?
``` amino acids iron vitamin B12 vitamin B6 folic acid ```
39
how are platelets formed?
thrombocytopoiesis: | megakarocytes make platelets from cytoplasm
40
what drives blood around our body?
a pressure gradient (created by the heart contracting)
41
why do veins have less smooth muscle tissue and more connective tissue?
veins don't vasodilate/constrict, so less muscle also, less pressure = less need for muscle connective tissue anchors them to skeletal muscle which helps to pump blood back to the heart
42
where is the external elastic membrane found in arteries?
between the tunica media and the tunica externa
43
describe the walls of the capillaries
endothelial tube with thin basement membrane no tunic media no tunic externa
44
what is peripheral resistance?
resistance to blood flow, primarily caused by friction with vessel walls
45
what is capillary blood determined by?
the difference between pressure and resistance
46
where are the baroreceptors that measure blood pressure located?
the carotid artery and the aortic arch
47
which is the thickest layer of the wall of an artery?
the tunica media
48
how is blood supplied to the cells of the vessel walls?
the vasa vasorum supply the tunica media and the tunic externa
49
what is another name for the capillary bed?
the capillary plexus
50
describe the walls of arterioles
little or no tunica externa thin or incomplete tunica media just smooth muscle and endothelim + membrane
51
what are venous valves?
folds of the tunica intima that prevent the backflow of blood
52
in which vessel is the tunica externa the thickest?
the veins
53
what are systolic BP and diastolic BP?
pressure exerted against the walls of the vessels at contraction/relaxation
54
what are the relevant capillary pressures?
capillary hydrostatic pressure interstitial hydrostatic pressure capillary oncotic pressure insterstitail oncotic pressure
55
what is blood flow? | what is it determined by?
volume of blood moving through a vessel in a given period it's determined by pressure difference and resistance to flow
56
what is MAP? how is it calculated? what does it show?
mean arterial pressure - the average pressure over a cardiac cycle diastolic pressure plus 1/3 of pulse pressure allows us to see how well perfused tissues are
57
arteries vs. veins - differences?
1. thicker walls 2. higher BP 3. small round lumen (doesn't collapse when sectioned) 4. no valves 5. more elastic - arteries have internal elastic membrane and external elastic membrane on either side of the tunica media 6. artery lining folds into wrinkles (for vasodilation) 7. arteries are smaller (have a smaller lumen)
58
what factors determine MAP?
cardiac output total peripheral resistance (MAP = CO x TPR)
59
what things affect resistance?
vessel length vessel diameter viscosity of blood turbulence
60
what are the three layers of tissue in blood vessels called? what tissue type is each layer?
tunica intima - epithelial tissue with connective tissue basement tunica media - muscle tissue in a framework of connective tissue tunica externa - connective tissue // in veins, also smooth muscle cells
61
what are elastic arteries and musclar arteries also known as?
elastic: conducting arteries muscular: distributing arteries
62
what are the two layers of the tunica intima?
endothelial layer, underlying CT layer containing elastic fibres
63
what is different about the tunica intima of arteries compared to other vessels?
arteries have a thick layer of elastic CT called the internal elastic membrane
64
what does the tunica externa do? what is the tunica externa of an artery made of? what is the tunica externa of an vein made of?
connects and anchors the vessel to adjacent tissues artery - collagen and elastic fibres vein - elastic fibres and smooth muscle cells
65
what is average blood pressure in the aorta compared to the vena cavae?
aorta - 100 mmHg | vena cavae - 4 mmHg
66
which is thicker, the aorta or the pulmonary artery. why?
the aorta is thicker because it carries blood under higher pressure
67
what is pressure gradient? | ∇ P
difference between pressure at the heart and pressure at the capillary beds
68
what is too low for MAP?
<60 mmHg
69
what maintains BP homeostasis in the very short term?
the baroreceptor reflex
70
what are the five general classes of blood vessels?
``` arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins ```
71
why is pressure in the capillaries usually very low?
to allow time for diffusion between the blood and surrounding interstitial fluid
72
which would reduce peripheral resistance: an increase in vessel length or an increase in vessel diameter?
an increase in vessel diameter (an increase in vessel length would increase peripheral resistance)
73
why does vessel length increase resistance (and therefore pressure)?
the longer the vessel, the greater the surface area in contact with the blood, therefore the greater the friction, therefore the greater the resistance
74
which three processes does capillary exchange involve?
filtration, diffusion and osmosis
75
what are the conditions which allow diffusion to occur most rapidly?
when the distances involved are short when the concentration gradient is large when the ions or molecules are small

biology 121 (14 decks)

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