Renal System Practice Cards

Question 1

How many stages are there of chronic kidney disease?

Answer 1

5

Question 2

What organs make up the urinary system?

Answer 2

kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra

Question 3

what removes metabolic wastes?

Answer 3

the kidneys

Question 4

What type of function is the regulation of red blood cell production?

Answer 4

renal function

Question 5

What is the basic functional unit of a kidney?

Answer 5

A nephron

Question 6

what is the glomerulus part of?

Answer 6

the renal corpuscle

Question 7

What are peritubular capillaries branches of?

Answer 7

the efferent arteriole

Question 8

What nephrons are there?

Answer 8

cortical and juxtamedullary

Question 9

how many nephrons are there approx. per kidney?

Answer 9

1 million

Question 10

What is the site of blood filtration?

Answer 10

the renal corpuscle

Question 11

is filtration at the renal corpuscle active or passive?

Answer 11

passive

Question 12

Should you ever see proteins in healthy urine?

Answer 12

No

Question 13

Where does filtrate enter?

Answer 13

the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 14

Does reabsorption occur at the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 14

Yes

Question 15

What are the limbs of the nephron loop called?

Answer 15

the ascending and descending limb

Question 16

What limb pumps sodium and chloride ions out of the tubular fluid?

Answer 16

the thick descending limb

Question 17

What limb creates a high solute concentration in the peritubular fluid?

Answer 17

the thick ascending limb

Question 18

What tubule has selective reabsorption under hormonal control?

Answer 18

The distal convoluted tubule

Question 19

What is the juxtaglomerular complex made up of?

Answer 19

macula densa + juxtaglomerular cells

Question 20

What does the juxtaglomerular complex secrete?

Answer 20

renin + EPO

Question 21

What is the role of the collecting duct?

Answer 21

delivery of urine and variable reabsorption of water

Question 22

what are the basic processes of urine formation?

Answer 22

filtration, reabsorption and secretion

Question 23

Should glucose be found in a healthy person’s urine?

Answer 23

No

Question 24

What involves a passage across a filtration membrane?

Answer 24

glomerular filtration

Question 25

What are the forces determining filtration pressure?

Answer 25

GHP, CsHP and BCOP

Question 26

GHP

Answer 26

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Question 27

CsHP

Answer 27

capsular hydrostatic pressure

Question 28

BCOP

Answer 28

blood colloid osmotic pressure

Question 29

What is the glomerular filtration rate?

Answer 29

the amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute (GFR) (avg. 125mL/min)

Question 30

What are the controllers of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ?

Answer 30

regulation/ autoregulation/ hormonal

Question 31

What is the myogenic mechanism?

Answer 31

- an increase in renal blood flow or blood pressure eg running. = vasoconstriction - a decrease in blood flow > decreased glomerular pressure eg lying down --> dilation of afferent/ constriction of efferent

Question 32

Autoregulation of GFR is...

Answer 32

immediate local regulation

Question 33

Extrinsic regulation of GFR...

Answer 33

mainly responds to stressful situations

Question 34

Autonomic regulation of GFR...

Answer 34

increased sympathetic activity -> vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles

Question 35

Hormonal regulation of GFR...

Answer 35

renin-angiotensin system + naturetic peptides

Question 36

What cells secrete renin?

Answer 36

granular cells

Question 37

Where is aldosterone produced?

Answer 37

in the adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands

Question 38

Where and when are natriuretic peptides released?

Answer 38

In the heart and in response to a large increase in blood pressure

Question 39

Do natriuretic peptides increase urine production?

Answer 39

Yes (dilate afferent and constrict efferent)

Question 40

What percentage of sodium and water is resorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 40

65%

Question 41

What does secondary linked reabsorption mean?

Answer 41

means that sodium travels via active transport and glucose joins onto it and travels passively

Question 42

What is the renal threshold?

Answer 42

the concentration of a substance dissolved in the blood above which the kidneys begin to excrete it into the urine

Question 43

What does water reabsorption at the proximal convoluted tubule occur via?

Answer 43

osmosis

Question 44

At the nephron loop what percentage of sodium is reabsorbed?

Answer 44

25%

Question 45

At the nephron loop what percentage of water is reabsorbed?

Answer 45

15%

Question 46

Why is the reabsorption percentage for sodium and water different at the nephron loop?

Answer 46

different values as one is ascending and the other is the descending loop

Question 47

What is tee only limb that water reabsorption occurs in?

Answer 47

The thin descending limb

Question 48

What removes water leaving the loop of henle?

Answer 48

blood in the vasa recta

Question 49

What percentage of sodium is reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 49

9%

Question 50

What percentage of water is reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 50

19%

Question 51

Where is anti-diruretic hormone made?

Answer 51

the hypthalamus

Question 52

What triggers osmoreceptors?

Answer 52

an increase in ECF concentration

Question 53

What is rapidly adjusted by ADH?

Answer 53

ECF concentration

Question 54

What is ECF volume slowly adjusted by?

Answer 54

aldosterone

Question 55

what pH does acidosis occur at?

Answer 55

<7.35

Question 56

What pH does alkalosis occur at?

Answer 56

>7.45

Question 57

Where is bicarbonate freely filtered?

Answer 57

the glomerulus

Question 58

What do the kidneys do when the plasma pH is low? (H+ high)

Answer 58

the kidneys secrete alot of H+

Question 59

What do the kidney do when the plasma pH is high? (H+ low)

Answer 59

the kidneys secrete less H+

Question 60

What type of acid-base disorders are there?

Answer 60

respiratory or metabolic

Question 61

What acid base disorders involve production of organic or fixed acids?

Answer 61

metabolic acid base disorders

Question 62

What is an example of respiratory acidosis?

Answer 62

emphysema