Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System

Question 1

The kidney has how many nephrons each?

Answer 1

1.3 million

Question 2

How many percent of cardiac output does the kidney receive?

Answer 2

25%

Question 3

What is the filtration rate of the kidneys?

Answer 3

100 to 120 ml/min

Question 4

How many liters of glomerular filtrate per day does the kidney produce?

Answer 4

180 L

Question 5

Excretion by kidney is dependent on three things?

Answer 5

1. Glomerular filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption
3. Tubular secretion

Question 6

How much percentage of sodium ions are absorbed at the proximal tubules?

Answer 6

60 - 70%

Question 7

Proximal tubules are permeable to?

Answer 7

Water

Question 8

The thin descending limb of the loop of henle is most active for ?

Answer 8

Water reabsorption

Question 9

The thick ascending limb of the loop of henle is for ?

Answer 9

Reabsorption of sodium ions

Question 10

The collecting duct is selectively permeable to ?

Answer 10

Water

Question 11

The most important function of the RAAS is ?

Answer 11

Regulation of blood pressure and blood volume

Question 12

Renin is an enzyme produced by?

Answer 12

Kidney (juxtaglomerular apparatus)

Question 13

Renin is produced in response to?

Answer 13

Poor blood flow and decreased blood pressure

Question 14

The release of renin is influenced by ?

Answer 14

Pressure changes and sodium ions change

Question 15

What causes direct constriction of renal arterioles?

Answer 15

Angiotensin II

Question 16

Another name for the cells in the wall of afferent arterioles of the glomeruli are?

Answer 16

Polkissen

Question 17

Modified tall and dark cells present at the end of the thick part of ascending limb of loop of henle and distal convoluted tubule are called ?

Answer 17

Macula densa

Question 18

The cells of macula densa are sensitive to?

Answer 18

Sodium

Question 19

Decreased amount of sodium in the lumen activates the macula densa and it releases?

Answer 19

Nitric oxide and prostaglandins

Question 20

Nitric oxide and prostaglandins further stimulate polkissen cells resulting in further release of ?

Answer 20

Renin

Question 21

Polkissen cells and macula densa are held together by ….. and collectively form the ….. ?

Answer 21

Lacis cells, juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 22

Angiotensinogen is produced by ?

Answer 22

Hepatocytes

Question 23

What enzyme is present on surface of endothelial lining of pulmonary capillaries?

Answer 23

Angiotensin converting enzyme

Question 24

Why is ACE known as an ecto-enzyme?

Answer 24

This is because it is present in surface of endothelial lining of pulmonary capillaries

Question 25

ACE is capable of breaking down?

Answer 25

Bradykinin

Question 26

What is the difference between venular constriction and arteriolar constriction?

Answer 26

Venular leads to increased systolic blood pressure, while arteriolar leads to increased diastolic blood pressure.

Question 27

Norepinephrine stimulates what receptors present in the JG apparatus for more renin release?

Answer 27

Beta 1 adrenergic receptors

Question 28

Intrarenal stimulus for synthesis and secretion of renin include?

Answer 28

1. Decreased blood pressure in afferent arterioles 2. Decreased sodium concentration in macula densa.

Question 29

Angiotensin II causes release of aldosterone by acting on cells of ?

Answer 29

Zona glomerulosa (adrenal cortex)

Question 30

Aldosterone acts on the ……… which are present in the ………..

Answer 30

Principal cells (p-cells) DCT and collecting tubules

Question 31

Gene-1 makes a special type of protein known as ….., which is planted where ?

Answer 31

Na+/K+ ATPase Baso-lateral membrane of P-cells

Question 32

Gene-II produces special proteins known as ….., which are found in ….?

Answer 32

Na-channels Luminal membrane of P-cells

Question 33

Gene-III produces proteins known as …. Found in…. ?

Answer 33

K-channels Luminal membranes of p-cells

Question 34

Angiotensin-II acts on its receptors in the ….. which results in production of …… from ………

Answer 34

Hypothalamus ADH Posterior pituitary

Question 35

ACE inhibitors and Angiotensin receptor blockers are typically used to treat?

Answer 35

Hypertension and heart failure and also patients who have had myocardial infarction

Question 36

Ace inhibitors usually end in “pril” and include?

Answer 36

Enalapril Lisinopril Ramipril Benazepril Captopril

Question 37

ARBs usually end in “sartan” which include?

Answer 37

Candesartan Valsartan Irbesartan Losartan

Question 38

ACE inhibitors and ARBs are taken orally except for one ACE inhibitor called ?

Answer 38

Enalaprilat

Question 39

Enalaprilat can administered how and for what , when oral treatment is not practical?

Answer 39

Intravenously Hypertension

Question 40

Both ACE inhibitors and ARBs lower blood pressure by …..

Answer 40

Inhibiting angiotensin II

Question 41

A common side effect of ACE inhibitors is a ….., which is due to ?

Answer 41

Persistent dry irritating cough Breakdown of Bradykinins

Question 43

The most common side effects of ACE inhibitors and ARBs are mild and nonspecific such as?

Answer 43

Headache Dizziness Fatigue Tachycardia and Hypotension after first few doses